Quantcast
Channel: LEKULE
Viewing all 1099 articles
Browse latest View live

Breaking the System to Fix It: The “Hackers” That Hunt for Security Vulnerabilities

$
0
0
From white hat hackers to security firms, sometimes the people trying to hack our devices are an important part of the security echo system.

Typically the term “hacker” conjures visions of shady individuals hunkered over keyboards, using vast technical knowledge to do nefarious deeds. While there are plenty of well-known ethical hackers who got their start that way, there are also a number of them that exist today who commit their careers or research to improving security.

While some do it as a career for companies that offer rewards for reported flaws, others just enjoy the challenge of trying to break a system. Others still take it upon themselves to test the security of devices they suspect are vulnerable (just ask EE Anthony Rose about BLE smart locks).

Academics, security experts, and "hackers" alike dedicate their time and skills to identify and mitigate security threats. These professionals push the limits of systems to test their resiliency against potential threats so that we can fix them before they're taken advantage of.
Here's a look at some of the work of the people who meddle with our systems and devices—for our benefit.

Biometric Security

Physical security on personal devices has become a more commonplace feature. For example, there are now a large number of smartphone devices and laptops that allow users to log in using their fingerprints.

Most recently, Apple rolled out the iPhone X, which can be unlocked using facial recognition. The company advertised the feature as being significantly more secure than fingerprint scans, with 1 in 1 million accuracy compared to the 1 in 500,00 accuracy in fingerprinting (of false positive recognition). The system is supposed to be “attention aware” so that it knows when you are looking at your device, and maps 30,000 dots using infrared to get more than just surface physical features in a 2D image. It’s supposed to work with or without makeup, in different lighting conditions, and in general be one of the most sophisticated facial recognition devices available using “anti-spoofing neural networks” to prevent false positive scans.

However, since the launch of this new feature, there have been a number of groups working to prove the security of facial recognition to be vulnerable. They do this by putting the feature to the test.
Wired ran a series of experiments using highly detailed and textured masks out of silicon, vinyl, and gelatin. Experts helped the team create a custom, flush-fitted mask to imitate the likeness of an individual, down the hair follicles in the eyebrows. In a series of trials, they never were able to successfully unlock the iPhone.

Another group in Vietnam called Bkav claims to have successfully beat the system using a 3D-printed face with paper cutouts of the victim’s eyes, mouth, and nose. The team describes the 3D print to be highly detailed, with a thorough scan of the owner’s face. A video online circulated showing the team doing so. However, considering their method is a lot more rudimentary than many other attempts, the authenticity of their demonstration has been questioned.


It has also been shown that it’s possible for twins and family members closely resembling each other to unlock each other’s phones. But so far, for a malicious user to unlock a randomly targeted phone, to obtain a high-resolution 3D scan of their face would take a lot of effort and time, as well as some knowledge on how the device authenticates those features.

Whether or not their methods succeed, the work of these groups helps identify the methods that may or may not work to beat the iPhone’s facial recognition systems. In the event that they are successful, Apple can take note of how they did it and possibly roll out updates to secure it.

Infotainment Security in Automotives

Automotive security is a relatively new domain, now that more vehicles are equipped with smart systems. In response, the Future of Automotive Security Technology Research (FASTR) was founded in 2016 by Aeris, Intel, and Uber to address security flaws by developing standards and norms and building awareness.

Most recently, researchers from Ixia, a security firm, have demonstrated that the infotainment system, standard in most vehicles today, are particularly vulnerable. This is largely because they connect freely to devices like your smartphone, and most users will sync them with sensitive data such as contacts, text messages, and call history. Such information is stored securely on phones—but once it is saved onto the infotainment system, it is unencrypted and in plain text.

Ixia engineers also highlighted that these infotainment systems have access to and can control other features and information, all with easy-to-access debugging tools. This can allow users to extract information or mess with settings for systems like GPS.

The researchers demonstrated these vulnerabilities by plugging in a USB stick with some BASH scripts. They were not only able to extract this data, but regularly upload it by automatically connecting to unsecured Wi-Fi connections, and could even extract GPS coordinates for near real-time tracking.

This work is important to highlight just how vulnerable car infotainment systems are, and by showing exactly what they can extract and how, can help automakers identify the need to think more carefully about infotainment system security.

Image courtesy of GM

Google Vulnerability Rewards Program

In 2012, Google launched Pwnium, a competition with over a million dollars worth of prizes to anyone able to find bugs in the Chrome browser. The largest prize available was $60,000 for flaws that enabled “Chrome/Windows 7 local OS user account persistence using only bugs in Chrome itself”—in other words, a flaw that allowed full control of the system.

Not even two weeks after the launch of the competition, a Russian student named Sergey Glazunov submitted a flaw in the browser. The flaw allowed for the bypassing of the Chrome browser sandbox by taking advantage of a bug. Once bypassed, nearly any action can be taken with full user privileges.

All bugs entered successfully into the competition are patched by Google, helping the company keep its browser as secure as possible. By providing cash incentives, it gives motivation for hackers to report flaws to the company, and allows Google to enlist the help of individuals outside of the company.

Google scrapped the "Pwnium" project in 2014 in favor of its Vulnerability Rewards Program, but the spirit is the same. In 2016, Google paid out over $3 million in rewards for reported vulnerabilities (or "bug bounties"). Their philosophy appears to be that, if people are trying to find vulnerabilities in their products, they want it to be more lucrative to sell that information to Google itself (rather than to the highest bidder).




The skills that make hackers dangerous are the same skills that can identify the vulnerabilities they capitalize on. In the arms race between companies and malicious third parties, it's nice to know that some of the people testing the limits of our technology are on our side. 

DEF CON 24 Roundup: 2016 Hacker Conference

$
0
0
A roundup of stories and updates from this year's DEF CON hacking convention in Las Vegas, which was held in Las Vegas, August 4-7.

Over 22,000 people attended this year's DEF CON. Cyber security experts and hackers alike came to the event to congregate with their peers and share information on the latest in the industry.
Here are a few highlights, in case you missed them:

Hackable BLE Door Locks

Anthony Rose, an electrical engineer, and Ben Ramsey, a professional information security expert, presented "Picking Bluetooth Low Energy Locks from a Quarter Mile Away".
The duo investigated 16 different BLE lock products and found issues with the security of 12 of them. That is to say, they picked 12 different BLE locks—from nearly half a mile away and using minimal equipment.

On top of proving the vulnerabilities of these locking mechanisms, the presentation also introduced open source hacking tools that could be used to hack both vanilla Bluetooth and BLE locks.
Before you become too outraged at Rose and Ramsey's goals in this presentation, you should be aware that they contacted 14 of the 16 companies that produced the locks regarding the vulnerabilities they found. According to the hackers, these companies declined to change their systems, even when faced with proof that they were easily breached.


Example of a BLE lock. Image courtesy of August (one of the four locks that Rose and Ramsey could not hack).

Other Village Talks (broken up into multiple "Village" segments, e.g., "IoT") from this year's event included updates on the FCC's cybersecurity activities, automated dorking, lessons from last year's Ashley Madison hack, cryptography in Python, reverse engineering RF drones, and introductions to various hacking tools and systems.

"Mayhem" Supercomputer Competes with Humans

For the unfamiliar, the Cyber Grand Challenge (or CGC) is a yearly competition hosted at DEF CON by DARPA, first hosted in 2013. Of course, "Capture the Flag" means something different to hackers than it does to most people. In hacking, each team is given a network that is full of weaknesses. They must simultaneously patch their network to defend it from attack while also developing breaches for the opposing team's network.

In addition, some games also include "Jeopardy-style" rules, where the teams must solve a series of puzzle-like tasks—each unlocking the next—to earn points.
Mayhem is a supercomputer developed by the Pittsburgh-based team, ForAllSecure.


Mayhem. Image courtesy of ForAllSecure.

In this year's CGC, Mayhem defeated its machine opponents. Part of the team's reward for this victory (along with $2 million) was an invitation to pit Mayhem against humans at DEF CON's annual Capture the Flag competition.

On August 5th-7th, Mayhem went up against some of the best competitive hacking teams in the country. The result? Mayhem got 15th place out of 15 entrants.

While supercomputers still have a long way to go before they can defeat human opponents, Mayhem does give life to the idea that competent, self-patching security systems are on the horizon.

r00tz Asylum

Another yearly event held within DEF CON is the r00tz Asylum. This is a group of rooms dedicated to teaching hacking, hardware engineering, encryption, etc., but focusing on a very particular demographic: kids.


Image courtesy of r00tz Asylum.

According to its website, the Asylum typically caters to kids between the ages 8 and 16.
Beyond giving kids the tools and skills to do their own hacking, r00tz also educates them about the role cybersecurity plays in their lives and in the world at large.

Another point worth bringing up is that r00tz has an explicit goal of teaching hacking skills as a tool "for good". One of last year's talks, for example, was titled "White Hat Hacking" wherein "white hat" refers to ethical or socially responsible activity.

Along these lines, the program has involved the kids in "bug bounties" wherein companies pay for the discovery and reportage of weaknesses in their security systems.
As a note, this year was Apple's first taking part in the "bug bounty" industry:


Bonus!

As usual, DEF CON 2016 had a slew of workshops on the convention floor.
As an example, here's a demonstration of an attendee hacking a Raspberry Pi using a Black Magic Probe:



Engineer Spotlight: FarmBot’s Rory Aronson Explains the Challenges and Benefits of Automated Farming

$
0
0
FarmBot is an automated system that can plant, weed, and grow vegetables organically. Here at AAC, we interviewed Rory Aronson of the brilliant FarmBot team to get a better understanding of this invention!

Early man has farmed the land for the past 20,000 years. Humans have transformed the land and grown many different plants, allowing civilization to flourish from farming communities into cities.


Farming is one of the oldest practices in human history. Image courtesy of Crystalinks.

Millennia later, farming has gotten some incredibly high-tech advances. However, it still requires a large amount of human interaction and oversight.
But the FarmBot team may be changing that. Using CNC technology, generic modules, and some clever programming, they've designed a system that automatically grows vegetables of your choosing.
This device can plant seeds, remove weeds, water plants, and even help to regulate soil conditions so that your veggies are just right. The FarmBot can also be taken off-grid with solar panels and water collection system so that the environmental impact of electrical use is negated.


FarmBot in action! Image courtesy of FarmBot.

The FarmBot is designed to be customizable and accessible to the maker community. Its design is based on generic devices such as:
  • Raspberry Pi
  • Arduino Mega 2560
  • NEMA 17 Stepper Motors
Here at AllAboutCircuits, we have interviewed the creative team behind this innovative blend of technology and machinery to get a better understanding of what FarmBot really means for the future of farming.

Q & A with Rory Aronson, Creative Director for FarmBot

AAC : Was there ever a Eureka moment for FarmBot or was it an idea that evolved over time?
FB: The Eureka moment was when I realized that a typical CNC machine (3D printer, CNC router, laser cutter, etc.) could be adapted to growing food in a precise, completely computer-controlled manner at a relatively small scale. Once that idea was validated as feasible, the rest of the hardware and software developed over time while I wrote the initial whitepaper.


AAC : What was the biggest obstacle you faced in designing FarmBot?
FB: Our biggest challenge is bringing the cost down while maintaining hackability of the system. It's easy to make an inexpensive product that does a specific function; it's hard to make an inexpensive platform that has the potential to do a lot of things.

AAC : Now for some planting-related questions! How does the CNC heat cope with different seed sizes? For example, a marrow seed is very large as compared to a carrot seed.
FB: We're using a vacuum-based planting system that suction-holds seeds at the end of a precision 3D printed tip. This means that with sufficient vacuum power we can have a very small orifice (smaller than the smallest seed) and still be able to hold very large seeds as well.

AAC : How does FarmBot determine the difference between a weed sapling and a wanted sapling?
  1. What about large radii plants?
  2. For maximum yield is this spacing too large?
FB : Initially, we simply detect all saplings and then whitelist any that we intentionally planted and blacklist everything else. Later in the garden's life cycle (when plants are larger) it will be more difficult to remove weeds without damaging our plants because the weeds may be within a "no-touch" zone. But as long as we restrict watering to our plants' root zones rather than entire growing areas, we should minimize weed growth.
Additionally, if a weed does pop up late into the garden cycle, it will not be able to compete and turn into a problem by the time harvest rolls around and all plants are destroyed. Eventually, we hope to develop software that can more intelligently detect weeds within the "no-touch" zone.


FarmBot selectively watering plants. Image courtesy of FarmBot.

AAC : Can seed placement be fully customized?
FB : Yes, seeds can be placed in any pattern and density desired by the user.

AAC : How does FarmBot cope with acid/alkali soil plant types?
FB : By recommending companion plantings and monitoring soil conditions over time.

AAC : Does the software warn about issues such as nutrition deficiency? Are there any other interesting issues that it can detect?
FB : At this time, no. But over time as FarmBot gets equipped with more sensors and more data models for growing crops, we will be able to suggest when and where to plant things. The eventual goal is a completely automated garden that can operate season after season with little other human input.

AAC : What kind of impact do you think FarmBot will have on produce prices?
FB : FarmBot-grown veggies are 30% more affordable when amortizing the machine cost over 5 years. After the machine is paid for, the cost of FarmBot veggies is a small fraction of those bought in the store. Over time, this competition will bring prices down across the board, especially as more people use FarmBot.


Don't know about you, but that looks darn tasty! Image courtesy of FarmBot.

AAC : What are some things that FarmBot excels at that human farmers struggle with? Are there some things that humans still do better than FarmBot? 
FB : FarmBot is very diligent where humans are not. FarmBot is also very precise where humans are not.
A great case of this is a planting experiment, where you plant 100 plants and take care of each one slightly differently (change water amount by 2% per plant, for example). FarmBot can take care of these plants accordingly without thinking twice about it and without losing accuracy of the experiment. A human would mess up water quantities and get very bored of portioning out water for each plant every single day.
Harvesting is something that humans will be better at for a long time to come. Each type of crop needs to be harvested in unique ways, using unique tools and techniques. This will be difficult for FarmBot to do and will be relatively expensive compared to human labour.

The Future of FarmBot


For the average person’s back garden to the rolling hills in Yorkshire, FarmBot's future generations could be growing all manner of fresh organic vegetables. As an avid gardener, myself, with an interest in CNC machining, I can tell you that FarmBot will open the doors to an incredible future where technology can help us feed an ever-growing world population.

The Automotive Touchscreen Problem: When User Interfaces Become Distractions

$
0
0
From LCDs to Siri, if a new device hits the market, there's a good chance automotive companies will try to integrate its functionality into vehicles. But new research points to touchscreens as major source of distracted driving.

Emerging technologies, from voice recognition to biometric monitoring, are increasingly appearing in vehicles. Touchscreens have been in vehicles for years, but have recently been directly linked to distracted driving. According to research from the University of Utah partnered with AAA, touchscreens are increasing the number of vehicle accidents on the roads. In fact, all 30 systems tested cause at least some level of driver distraction.

The Role of Touchscreens in Vehicles

Touchscreens in vehicles now allow things like navigation, radio control, and even text messaging while drivers sit behind the wheel. While many have argued that touchscreens encourage drivers to put down their phones—and they surprisingly can offer a cheaper alternative to hard buttons—they require a driver’s attention in a way that old-fashioned buttons don’t.

To some extent, smartphone design informs in-car touchscreen design, despite that the characteristics of a good touchscreen on a phone are not necessarily the same that apply to vehicle touchscreens (though there is some overlap).

Obviously, even the best-designed touchscreen presents some distraction. Touchscreens, by their very nature, are simply not ideal for use in vehicles, whether they’re integrated or not. As Dr. David Strayer, who led the team of researchers from the University of Utah, puts it: "The car of 2017 is a lot more difficult to use in terms of that electronic suite than it was 4 or 5 years ago."


A study participant for the University of Utah research. Image courtesy of the University of Utah.

To those designing tech for automotive applications and those who study distracted driving, this is a familiar story. Voice recognition in cars has been available for years, including syncing with Apple's Siri voice assistant. Automotive OEMs were eager to integrate voice recognition into their products and many of the cars on the road today have this functionality. Over three years ago, however, research suggested that voice-controlled infotainment systems are distracting, as well.


Apple CarPlay. Image courtesy of Apple.

As a matter of fact, it was largely the same research team—from the University of Utah in conjunction with AAA—that came to these conclusions. Their focus on touchscreens aims to further our knowledge of how popular technologies affect road safety.

Up Against the Speed of Industry

Part of the issue of putting new tech into cars is that the lifecycles of the devices simply don't often match up. The display industry simply does not produce new technology at the same rate as vehicles.
New model vehicles are released at least every year, but most people keep the same vehicle for years. By comparison, Apple typically (though not always) waits over a year between iPhone models at which point consumers rush to get the newest version. This creates a disparity between the age of quickly-developing display technologies and cars, which are expected to have some longevity. New cars with old screens make for even more distracted driving.

Many age-related issues are solved through live-updates of vehicle infotainment systems like any phone or mobile device is subject to. But what happens when the data shows that the technologies shouldn't have been put in cars in the first place?

Strayer worries about the perceived safety. “The real concern in terms of safety,” he says, “is that the average driver is going to assume, ‘Hey, it must be safe. Why would the car company put it in the car unless it was proven to be safe. It clearly isn’t.”


Dr. Strayer (background) conducting distracted driving research in 2014. Image courtesy of the American Psychological Association.

Research assistant professor Dr. Francesco Biondi adds, "What I found surprising in these cars is the amount of technology that automakers introduce in the market. I think there's an assumption it is being fully tested and evaluated is being deemed safe. The problem with that is that's not always the case."

And, while consumers initially demanded touchscreens in their vehicles, many are now concerned about the possible dangers they present.

A Whole New Set of Problems

The live updates I mentioned before can solve usability issues. But they also introduce new worries about bugs, malware, and active hacking. Further still, drivers worry about the long-term reliability of touchscreen control systems.

Markus Schaffrin, of the eco Association of the Internet Industry, acknowledges that developments in vehicle controls have been fueled by the smartphone boom. “Of course carmakers want to get the kind of controls into cars which customers already know from their mobile devices,” he says. But this poses a specific risk.

“As long as the technical standards for these devices used in cars continue to converge and wireless connections are not security it is only a question of time before cars are subject to the first hacking attacks,” Schaffrin says.

Simply put, according to University of Utah Associate Research Professor Dr. Joel Cooper, "Really what we've seen is that, on most dimensions, what's currently in the vehicle is just too demanding." Of course, he was talking about the demands on driver attention spans. But, from maintenance to security, the demands that come with placing popular technologies into vehicles may be too high for the industry as a whole.

To learn more about Dr. Strayer's research on distracted driving, watch the video below:



Disney Mickey Mp3 Player from iRiver (more photos)

$
0
0
There are some gadgets that you know your girlfriend will want one the moment you show it to them. It’s not that they are in need of them, simply just attracted to the outlook. Here’s one that would melt a girl’s heart – iRiver Mickey Mouse Mp3 player.

This cute little toy comes with a 1GB capacity; comes in pink, blue white and black color. The size is as light as 17g, running on rechargeable Lithium Polymer battery, support continues playback up to 8 hours.

Thanks to reader Amanda we get to see more photos on iRiver Mplayer. More photos after jump.

More photos on iRiver Mplayer


iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player

iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player
iriver mickey mp3 player

iriver mickey mp3 player

How To Put Your Name on Mac OS X Menubar

$
0
0
Here’s a little personalization you can do for your Mac OS X Leopard. If your name (nickname or just in case you named your mac something else) did not appear on the menubar, here’s how you can get it display on the right hand corner.

Step 1

Click the Apple logo, go to System Preferences.

Step 2

Click Account, click the icon at the bottom to unlock so you can change the settings.

Step 3

Click Login Options, check "Enable fast user switching" and select "View as: Name"

Voila, your name should now appear on the menubar, right hand corner.

Error: Laptop LCD Screen Turns Red

$
0
0
I’m not sure if you’ve experienced this before but when a friend asked me to take a look at her computer, I’m totally surprised. The LCD’s color basically went haywire, or rather inverted. Black color becomes red, white becomes cyan, etc.
An initial search in Google attempting to find the reason and solution, I could not find any except a youtube video posted by another victim that had the exact same problem.
lcd errorlcd error

Similar victim

What causes this

We were not really sure about this but suspected the laptop was overheated, or the wiring connecting the LCD might get a little bit dislocated when opening/closing the LCD lid.

Attempt to recover

I’ve tried restarting the Windows, re-update the graphics card drivers, reset screen resolutions but it all did not help. There isn’t much solution on the internet. Most of them suggest victims suffering from this to take it to computer shops to seek for assistance.

How I manage to recover this

I exit windows, shut it down. plug out anything connected to it and let it cool off. Original colors recover the second day I restart the machine. This might not work for you, but at least something you can try if you happen to encounter such situation.
Or here’s another solution (from a youtube user) you might want to keep in reference whenever you encounter any error in Windows.

funny youtube comment

Why Sweden’s 2018 Elections Matter

$
0
0


On September 9, Swedes go to the polls to select their next government. The Swedish economy is strong, the government’s finances are in good shape and most Swedes are at ease with their country’s membership with the European Union (EU). The election, however, is shaping up to be portentous as a Eurosceptic party, the Sweden Democrats (SD), is likely to emerge as a political kingmaker in the formation of the next government. In many regards, the Scandinavian country’s election must be observed as part of a long line of electoral tests that are reshaping Europe’s democracy from more traditional left-right politics to politics more narrowly defined by nationalism, populism and immigration.

The challenger to the Swedish political order, the SD, was founded in 1988. Its ideological origins are nationalist, neo-Nazi and white supremacist, though the party has moved from those founding concepts throughout the 1990s. Despite the political cleanup, most Swedes regard the SD as far right, anti-immigration and Eurosceptic. The party favors a referendum on Sweden’s membership in the EU (unless that body reforms it will push for a Swexit), tighter immigration controls and better law and order measures to curb rising crime.

Under the leadership of Jimmie Akesson, who took charge of the SD in 2005, the nationalist-populist party culled openly extremist members and worked harder to appeal to more moderate audiences. This approach proved successful as the SD won enough votes to cross the 4 percent hurdle necessary for parliamentary representation in the 2010 election, capturing 5.7 percent of the vote and gaining twenty seats.

In the 2014 elections, the SD won close to 13 percent of the national vote and captured 29 seats. It also elevated the SD into the position as the country's third largest party behind the center-left Social Democrats and the center-right Moderate Party. In the aftermath of that election, the Social Democrats formed a minority coalition government with the Greens, which was given some degree of passive support from the right and center-right parties, who refused to work with the SD and preferred to avoid new elections which would possibly give the far right party more seats.
The problem for Sweden’s other parties is that the SD is set to make further gains in the September 2018 election. Opinion polls indicate that the SD will finish among the top three parties, possibly ahead of the Moderates. Some analysts have said that the party could even come in first. At the same time, there is considerable speculation that the Social Democrats are set for their worst showing in decades. Opinion polls indicate that the Social Democrats are set to fall well below the 31 percent they received in 2014, probably around 25 percent of the total vote. There is a strong chance that Sweden’s next government will not include the Social Democrats and the SD will have more influence than ever before.
 

How did Sweden arrive at this point? Throughout most of the period following the Second World War, the Social Democrats have been the country’s dominant political party and are given credit for the introduction of one of the world’s most advanced social welfare states, known for its generous unemployment benefits and social programs. The system was helped along by a supportive and broad political consensus as well as little official corruption. Sweden’s high level of economic development and the strength of its corporate sector allowed the Social Democrats and others to maintain the comprehensive welfare state through the twentieth century and into the next. 

There have been periods where the welfare state was reformed because of high taxes, the migration of capital to tax havens and structural changes in the business sector. A major political watershed came in 1976 when the Social Democrats were voted out of government for the first time in forty-four years to a backdrop of economic recession. Although the Social Democrats would regain power, they found themselves occasionally out of power and sharing the national stage with three to four center and center-right parties (Moderate Party, Centre Party, Liberals and Christian Democrats), who pushed to lighten the hand of the state on the economy and reform the benefits system (though not abandoning it).

 In 2014 the Social Democrats, along with the Greens and with support from the Left Party, returned to office under the leadership of Stefan Lofven. Throughout the Lofven government’s tenure, Sweden has enjoyed strong economic growth, a decline in unemployment (especially when compared to most other EU countries), and solid government finances. However, the Social Democrats were to stumble on immigration, much like their counterparts in Germany and Italy. The Social Democrats were not alone on this —with the exception of the SD, Sweden’s mainstream parties have cast immigration in a positive light. Considering the country’s low population birth rate, immigration has served as a means to meet labor shortages and keep the country’s economy competitive.

 Swedish perceptions of immigration changed, however, when the country faced a massive inflow of asylum seekers starting in 2012 and peaking in 2015. In 2015 alone, Sweden received 163,000 asylum seekers, more relative to its population than almost any other European nation. Most of the newcomers were non-European, with large numbers from Syria, Iraq, Iran and Somalia, most of which were Muslim.

The massive influx of migrants stretched Sweden's social system and build up resentment in some quarters that the Social Democratic government was more interested in spending money on the newcomers than the local-born population, many of which are pensioners and dependent on the state's health care system. In addition, crimes committed by immigrants, including the terrorist attack in 2017 by an Uzbek asylum seeker using a truck that killed five, have helped cast migration in a more negative light. Although the Social Democrats tightened migration considerably after 2015, the damage was done to the party's standing. The situation has been made worse by rising levels of crime —some of it violent (car burnings and grenade attacks). Furthermore, crime has been gang-related and often occurring in big cities in areas with large immigrant populations.

In an IPSOS poll conducted in August 2018, 44 percent of Swedes listed health care as their top concern. The second concern was education (26 percent). However, if immigration (listed third at 25 percent) and integration (listed fifth at 15 percent) are taken together, the major issue is immigration policy and how to integrate newcomers into Swedish society.

The SD, which has consistently been negative about immigration, has found its message received by a growing audience. In the 2010 election, the party successfully ran an ad that shows a Swedish pensioner walking slowly towards the government budget, but he is outpaced by a group of burka-clad women pushing baby carriages. The SD doubled its vote in that election, indicating that the fear factor is clearly at work in the country’s politics (as it is other EU countries and the United States).
The SD solution is tighter immigration as well as a stronger effort at integrating migrants into Swedish society. If the migrants want to stay, they need to become Swedish, assuming a commitment to learn the language and a willingness to adopt the prevailing cultural norms. If they don't want to accept Swedish cultural norms and language, they will leave.
 
Although the SD is not likely to form the next government, it could well gain enough votes to be the kingmaker in Swedish politics. Both the center-left and center-right blocs of parties are expected to gain around 40 percent of the vote each; enough to give one side the largest bloc of seats, but well shy of an outright majority. That leaves the SD with at least 20 percent of the vote and a sizeable bloc of seats in the parliament. 

While most Swedish parties have indicated they would have nothing to do with the SD, the next government is likely to be another weak coalition, possibly a minority administration, dependent on other parties that do not join it in office. Could the center-right opt for the passive support from the SD for tougher immigration policies? Or will Sweden opt for a Grand Coalition as in Germany, between the Social Democrats and the four major centrist parties? Such an arrangement would avoid any dependence on the SD, but would a Grand Coalition government be able to agree on policies and be effective?

The Swedish election will serve as a bell-weather for Europe’s changing politics. It follows a series of electoral contests in 2018 that have included the Netherlands, Germany, France, Italy and Austria —all of which witnessed strong challenges by far-right nationalist-populist parties and two cases in which those parties achieved power. Sweden is not likely to see such a dramatic outcome, but a strong showing by the SD will indicate that the drama of radical political change in Europe is hardly over and that the political thunder on the far right is not a passing fancy.

Scott B. MacDonald is the chief economist at Smith’s Research & Gradings. The views expressed here are his own and do not necessarily represent those of Smith’s Researcher & Gradings. 

Why the Military Still Loves Shotguns in a Firefight

$
0
0

The military shotgun can bust doors, destroy obstacles, cow prisoners of war, deploy tear gas, and unleash a devastating pattern of lead shot with a single pull of the trigger. Until the day these missions go away, shotguns are here to stay.

Military shotguns are an invaluable part of twenty-first century arsenals. As limited as the shotgun is, it can do things traditional military firearms cannot. The military shotgun can bust doors, destroy obstacles, cow prisoners of war, deploy tear gas, and unleash a devastating pattern of lead shot with a single pull of the trigger. Until the day these missions go away, shotguns are here to stay.

One of the most popular civilian firearms, the shotgun, also has a role as a military weapon.
Originally designed as hunting weapons, many armies turn to shotguns for a variety of roles, including close combat and obstacle breaching. Although shotguns are too specialized to replace battle and assault rifles in infantry units, their utility will keep them in arsenals worldwide for the foreseeable future.

(This first appeared last month.)

Shotguns are big bore long guns designed to hunt fast-moving birds and small game. In order to maximize hit potential, shotguns typically fire a cartridge filled with metal shot. Instead of a single bullet, shotguns eject tiny balls of shot in a set pattern covering a wider area. The most common shotguns, 12 gauge shotguns, have barrel diameters of 18.5-millimeters (as opposed to 5.56-millimeter for the M4A1 carbine) and pack one twelfth a pound of shot. Alternately, instead of shot pellets a shotgun can fire solid lead slugs.

Shotguns are not terribly suited to combat: shotgun shot has a maximum effective range of thirty yards, at which point velocity and predictable shot groupings quickly decline. Solid slugs are useful out to a maximum of one hundred yards. As a result shotguns are ineffective during combat in rolling terrain, with sight lines out to four hundred yards or more.

Combat, however, takes place over a variety of terrain and circumstances, some of which are very suited to shotguns. One of the first instances of shotguns used in warfare were so-called “trench” shotguns used during World War I. Shotguns could be fired down the length of a narrow trench, each pull of the trigger unleashing a hail of shot more likely to hit enemies than a single bullet from a bolt-action rifle.

 The U.S. military was the only major power to use shotguns in World War I, issuing a modified Winchester Model 1897, known officially as the Model 1917 Trench Shotgun . (Remington Model 12 and other commercially available shotguns were also issued to the American Expeditionary Force.) The so-called “trench gun” version of the 1897 shortened the barrel to make it easier to wield in close quarters and added a heat shield to prevent accidental handling of a hot barrel.

The German government decried the use of shotguns as inhumane, stating, “The German Government protests against the use of shotguns by the American Army and calls attention to the fact that according to the law of war, every U.S. prisoner of war found to have in his possession such guns or ammunition belonging thereto forfeits his life. This protest is based upon article 23(e) of the Hague convention respecting the laws and customs of war on land.”

The acting Judge Advocate General for the U.S. Army denied the claims, stating that the shotgun was a legitimate weapon of war. Observers also noted more than a little hypocrisy in Germany’s complaints about shotguns during the same war it invented flamethrowers and poison gas. Despite threats to execute U.S. troops captured with trench guns none were ever killed.

Military shotgun use during World War II was rare, mostly limited to U.S. forces fighting in the Pacific against Japanese bunkers and earthen fortifications. A big standout in non-American shotgun use came after World War II during the Malaya Emergency, when British forces fought guerillas in the jungle with semi-automatic shotguns. U.S. forces were issued small numbers of shotguns here and there in the Vietnam War, with shotguns most common among clandestine reconnaissance Teams. Marine infantry troops were issued the M1912 riot gun , a 12 gauge patterned after shotguns used to quell prison riots.


Shotguns became increasingly common among U.S. combat troops at the tail end of the Cold War, as the threat of terrorism moved combat into urban areas, aboard oil rigs, ships and aircraft. Shotguns were issued to special operations forces, ship crews, boarding parties, and U.S. Marine Corps Fleet Anti-terrorism Security Teams. The U.S. Army’s Delta Force fielded a cut down pump action shotgun fitted underneath the barrel of a M16 pattern rifle. Nicknamed “the Masterkey” , the shotgun was used as a breaching tool to fire solid slugs pointblank against door locks.

Today shotguns are still part of US and NATO arsenals. The U.S. Marine Corps fields both the Mossberg 500 series pump shotgun , 590 series shotgun, and M1014 semi-automatic shotguns . The U.S. Army, is replacing Mossberg 500 series shotguns with the new M26 Modular Accessory Shotgun System, or MASS . A bolt action, magazine fed shotgun, the M26 can be used alone with a shoulder stock or attached under the barrel of a M4 carbine. Even the German Army has done an about face on shotguns, issuing the Remington 870 Police Magnum to airborne engineer and special operations troops.

Military shotguns are an invaluable part of twenty-first century arsenals. As limited as the shotgun is, it can do things traditional military firearms cannot. The military shotgun can bust doors, destroy obstacles, cow prisoners of war, deploy tear gas, and unleash a devastating pattern of lead shot with a single pull of the trigger. Until the day these missions go away, shotguns are here to stay.

Kyle Mizokami is a defense and national-security writer based in San Francisco who has appeared in the Diplomat, Foreign Policy, War is Boring and the Daily Beast. In 2009 he cofounded the defense and security blog Japan Security Watch. You can follow him on Twitter: @KyleMizokami.

Forget the F-35: The Tempest Could Be the Future (Armed with Lasers, Hypersonic Missiles and Swarms)

$
0
0


With a flourish of a silk curtain at the Farnborough Air Show on July 16, British defense secretary Gavin Williamson unveiled a full-scale model of the Tempest, the UK’s concept for a domestically built twin-engine stealth fighter to enter service in the 2030s. The Tempest will supposedly boast a laundry list of sixth-generation technologies such as being optionally-manned, mounting hypersonic or directed energy weapons, and capability to deploy and control drone swarms. However, it may also represent a Brexit-era gambit to revive defense cooperation with Germany and France.

London has seeded “Team Tempest” with £2 billion ($2.6 billion) for initial development through 2020. Major defense contractor BAE System is leading development with the Royal Air Force, with Rolls Royce contributing engines, European firm MBDA integrating weapons, and Italian company Leonardo developing sensors and avionics.


Design will supposedly be finalized in the early 2020s, with a flyable prototype planned in 2025 and production aircraft entering service in 2035, gradually replacing the RAF’s fourth-generation Typhoon fighters and complementing F-35 stealth jets . This seventeen-year development cycle is considered ambitious for something as complicated and expensive as a stealth fighter.

The Tempest mockup suggests a relatively large single-seat, twin-engine delta-wing fighter with a cranked trailing edge and two vertical stabilizers (tail fins) canted inwards as on the F-22 stealth fighter. According to analyst Justin Bronk, these last improve maneuverability and suggest emphasis on kinematic performance over pure stealth. The larger airframe also implies a desire for greater range and weapons load than an F-35 can muster in stealth mode. However, reportedly no performance parameters such as maximum speed, range, radar cross-section etc. were stated in the presentation.

Rolls Royce boasts that the Tempest’s stealthily recessed adaptive-cycle turbofans will be made of lightweight composite materials, feature superior thermal management and digital maintenance controls, and generate large quantities of electricity through magnets in the turbine cores.
Surplus electricity may be of particular interest for powering directed energy weapons, which could range from lasers to microwaves. The U.S. Air Force plans to test a defensive anti-missile laser turret for its jets in the early 2020s , but the Tempest presentation mentions using direct energy weapons for ‘non-kinetic’ purposes, which may imply disrupting or damaging adversary sensors.

The Tempest is to have a modular internal payload bay which can be reconfigured for various sensors or weapons. A Meteor long-range air-to-air missiles and a SPEAR-3 cruise missile were displayed next to the mock-up, and compatibility with next-generation “Deep Strike” missiles is also listed. The presentation at Farnborough also lists hypersonic missiles (which travel over five times the speed of sound, making interception extremely difficult) and swarms of deadly drones as offensive capabilities. To ease the workload on the pilot, the aircraft would utilize artificial intelligence and machine learning to optimize the drone’s behavior.

Like the F-35, the Tempest would employ a diverse array of passive and active sensors, and a Tempest pilot may able to gaze “through” his or her own plane using a helmet-mounted device, which may also replace conventional cockpit display panels. “Cooperative Engagement” technology would also allow a Tempest to fuse sensor data with friendly aircraft, ships or ground forces using “reconfigurable” communication systems and data links. This could allow one platform to hand off sensor data to another platform, which could then launch missiles without exposing itself.

However, the F-35’s networked computers have aroused fears that it is vulnerable to hacking —thus the presentation lists “resilience to cyberattack” as a characteristic of the Tempest. This could pose additional challenges given plans for the Tempest to be “optionally manned”—which means it can be flown remotely without an onboard pilot if preferred. Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles are generally thought to be the future of air warfare, but air forces so far are opting to test the waters by contemplating optionally-manned fighters. However, though optionally manned fighters offer a means to avoid putting pilots at risk on dangerous missions, they still come with the cost and performance disadvantages of manned aircraft.

The Tempest was unveiled alongside a new “ Combat Air Strategy ” document marking the UK’s reorientation to preparing for high-intensity conflicts and the danger posed by modern anti-aircraft weapons . However, the document largely focuses on industrial and financial matters, particularly on keeping British military aerospace sector sustainable despite constrained defense budgets and the steadily increasing cost of high-performance platforms like the Type 26 frigate.


In any context, seeing through the Tempest project to completion would prove daunting. The Tempest itself is a successor to the BAE Replica, a two-seat British stealth-fighter concept that was abandoned in 2005, though BAE leveraged technology used in its creation to become a major partner in the F-35 program. Currently, the UK is currently receiving forty-eight F-35B stealth jump jets for its Queen Elizabeth-class carriers, and theoretically plans to order another ninety F-35s for the Royal Air Force. While an RAF officer at Farnborough claimed Tempest would “have no impact” on F-35 acquisitions, it is difficult to foresee where else in the budget the money would come from.

However, at this stage the Tempest is surely a political game piece in a Brexit-bound UK, which risks being isolated from European markets. It happens that only a few months earlier, Germany and France trumpeted that Dassault and Airbus would work together on their own sixth-generation stealth jet program, Future Combat Air System —notably without inviting British companies, though their eventual participation was not ruled out, likely depending on how Brexit plays out.

In truth, both stealth-fighter program could easily prove prohibitively expensive without buy-in from multiple countries. Two billion pounds is a lot of money, but is far less than one-tenth of what a successful Tempest program would cost. The preferred scenario might be for a “European” stealth fighter combining the two stealth-fighter programs. A glance at the FCAS’s projected capabilities shows they are broadly similar to those of the Tempest.

The Tempest therefore may not only be an attempt by London to retain a domestic aerospace sector capable of building stealth jets, but also part of an elaborate courtship to entice EU nations into reconsidering joint-development of one. Indeed, Airbus Defense CEO Dirk Hoke made a comment “welcoming” the Tempest program. Possible British partnership with Sweden—producer of the capable Gripen fighter—is also frequently speculated for the Tempest, and it’s worth noting that BAE recently signed on to assist Turkish TAI in producing a TF-X stealth fighter .

The UK, France and Germany have all now proclaimed their intent to develop sixth-generation stealth jets and backed that up with initial investments. However, it will likely be a while before we can tell whether the respective governments can sustain the long-term financial outlays, international cooperation, and technically challenging development processes to produce Europe’s first stealth jet.
Sébastien Roblin holds a master’s degree in conflict resolution from Georgetown University and served as a university instructor for the Peace Corps in China. He has also worked in education, editing and refugee resettlement in France and the United States. He currently writes on security and military history for War Is Boring .
 

Image: Britain's defence minister, Gavin Wiliamson (UNSEEN), unveiled a model of a new jet fighter, called 'Tempest' at the Farnborough Airshow, in Farnborough, Britain July 16, 2018. REUTERS/Peter Nicholls/File Photo

Military Peculiars: The Benelli M1014

$
0
0
During 1998, I was stationed with a Marine detachment at the U.S. Army Ordnance Center and School in Aberdeen, Maryland. There, I spent most of my small arms repair education alongside soldiers learning to do a similar job for their branch of service, and I filled my downtime at the Aberdeen ordnance museum. Two-thirds of the way through this intensive study, Marine armorers broke off to learn systems that were specific to the Corps’ small arms inventory. Many of these fell under a category classified “peculiars,” and this segment of training, among others, covered the repair and maintenance of a new shotgun from Benelli.

Each week, an armorer course was concluded with a graded written exam and a skills test to demonstrate one’s ability to utilize a technical manual (TM), put to use the proper tools and disassemble, reassemble, troubleshoot and repair an unknown malfunction on a test firearm. By the time I entered training on peculiars, I had learned how to serve Marines issued a shotgun branded with the name Mossberg, Remington and Winchester.
The level of difficulty in training had gradually progressed, and by the time we began working on peculiars, the mechanics of how traditional military firearms operate and why they fail were very well understood. However, peculiars were different in that they featured a unique assembly or a special combination of operating systems.
benelli-m1014-tactical-shotgun-review-1
The Benelli M4 maintains the profile of the M1014 but has a reduced-capacity magazine, which is identifiable by the ribs near the end of the tube.

The HK MP5 and all of its variants, for example, utilize a selection of unique trigger groups, and the bolt functions with a pair of locking cam rollers that time locking and unlocking, the unique key to the MP5’s highly efficient delayed blowback operating system. The Mk 153 SMAW rocket launcher brought us training beyond the mechanical and into the electrical with its unique trigger pack.
Up to that point, few in the military had even seen a Benelli shotgun, which were all inertia-driven designs until the gas-operated Benelli M4 (M1014) was pitched to the Marine Corps. It was a little unexpected when instructors briefed us on the differences between the M1 (Super 90) and the brand new M4 semiauto that would eventually become the Benelli M1014. As we would later find out, we were going to be the first armorer class to receive specialized training on the Marine Corps’ newest enlistee.

Tip of the Spear
The solicitation for a new 12-gauge semiautomatic combat shotgun went out on May 4, 1998, from the U.S. Army Armaments Research, Developments and Engineering Center (ARDEC). The Marines were designated as the lead service on this program and formulated a specific list of requirements. The shotgun had to be:
  • Capable of semiautomatic operation
  • Capable of firing DoD-standard 23/4-inch 12-gauge No. 00 buckshot and other shotshells and slug ammunition
  • Have a maximum effective range of at least 40 meters (50 meters desired) with DoD-standard 23/4-inch No. 00 buckshot ammunition and 100 to 125 meters with slug ammunition
  • Have a length up to 413/4 inches and be capable of reconfiguration to 36 inches or less
  • Weigh no more than 81/2 pounds (six pounds desired) unloaded
  • Be equipped with low-light-level iron sights and a standard U.S. military accessory mounting rail integral to the upper receiver to permit the use of other sight-enhancement devices
shotgun-review-benelli-m1014-tactical-4
U.S. Marines attending Corporal’s Course are familiarized with the M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun. DoD photo by LCpl. Kevin Knallay

The Marine Corps recognized a need to augment its various 12-gauge shotguns in the field. They obtained funding from Congress, but Congress quickly decided to relinquish those funds and redirected them to a new Joint Service Small Arms Program (JSSAP). They ordered all services to field only one type of shotgun.

Three month after the solicitation was released, five M4 shotguns with Benelli’s new auto-regulating gas-operated (ARGO) dual pistons were delivered to Aberdeen Proving Grounds. I graduated armorer school on Saturday, August 1st, and the shotguns used in official testing arrived the following Tuesday, August 4th. Unknown to those military evaluators, by that time armorer instructors had already taught one class how to troubleshoot and repair the experimental M4, the XM1014.

The ARGO system addressed a few concerns expressed earlier by military evaluators regarding Benelli’s inertia system. An unknown number of Benelli M1s (and other popular semiautos) were already being fielded in small numbers before the solicitation was actually released. Benelli was receiving favorable reports, but there were notes of concern about a semiautomatic shotgun’s ability to reliably function with different loads still in service. It was noted that unusual shooting positions didn’t always provide the rear support (like what occurs when a shotgun recoils against the shoulder) necessary for guaranteed functioning of Benelli’s inertia-driven system or the conventional semiautomatic shotguns that were available at that time. The M4’s ARGO system specifically addressed this.
m1014-tactical-shotgun-review-benelli-2
Even if an M1014 isn’t tagged for repair, Marine Corps small arms repair techs (MOS 2111) practice preventative maintenance by performing semi-annual limited technical inspections (LTI). DoD photo by LCpl. James Hoke

“Troops who fight day and night need heavy accessories such as night vision capabilities and lights,” Benelli said. “The combined additional weight of these optics and accessories would cause underfunctioning of semiautomatics. But at the heart of the Benelli M4 is the ARGO system. This compact action features dual stainless, self-cleaning gas pistons located just ahead of the chamber and operated directly against the patented Benelli rotating bolt, eliminating the need for the complex linkages found in other gas autos.”

Just like its competitors, each of the new Benelli M4 shotguns submitted for testing was subjected to extensive protocols to check safety, functionality and repeatable performance. They were immersed in dirt and mud and endured operation in extreme heat and cold temperatures. The Benelli M4 exceeded all of the stringent requirements and met every challenge. This includes a test that required it to pass an endurance run of 25,000 rounds without the replacement of a major component. In April 1999, at the completion of the testing, the XM1014 was redesignated the M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun (JSCS). By November 2001, the Benelli M1014 was seeing deployment to thousands of U.S. Marines serving around the world.

The Same, But Different
Like the Marine’s battle-tested Benelli M1014, the commercial M4 offering features the unique ARGO gas operating system. During the cycle of operation, these pistons drive the two-lug rotating bolt assembly. It’s interesting that the two pistons only move approximately a half inch to completely cycle the bolt, which supports Benelli’s reputation for an extremely fast operation with reduced vibration.
tactical-shotgun-review-benelli-m1014-3
Just like the Benelli M1014, the M4 can fire 2 3/4- or three-inch shells of various power levels in any combination and without any adjustment. Unlike pump actions already in service, the semiautomatic operation allows the operator to stay on target with minimal change in sight picture while another round is automatically loaded into the chamber. When the M4 expends the last empty hull, the bolt locks to the rear. Even with the strides achieved by the Benelli ARGO system, low-power munitions such as less lethal rubber balls and pellets that remain in military inventory must be cycled through the shotgun manually. In large part, this is why the Benelli M1014 never fully replaced the pump-action models that continues to serve Marines today.

Like many other shotguns, loading takes place by inserting a shell into the loading gate underneath the receiver. This orientation has been proven to allow an operator to easily top off, even while the shotgun is shouldered. The integral tubular magazine found under the barrel of the military-issued Benelli M1014 will hold up to seven shells plus another in the chamber. Due to restrictions placed on imported shotguns, the civilian M4’s magazine tube only allows a capacity of five plus one in the chamber.

The Benelli M1014 receiver is finished in an anti-reflective MIL-SPEC finish, making the Benelli M1014 and M4 extremely corrosion resistant. To add to that, even the hammer-forged barrel is chrome lined. In addition to the black finish and black synthetic furniture, the U.S. commercial market can choose to have the M4 Tactical shotgun finished with Cerakote in FDE or Federal Standard Field Drab, with or without the pistol grip.

review-benelli-m1014-tactical-shotgun-5
The M4 does carry the same sighting system as the Benelli M1014, including the protected front sight blade.

Considered one of the more useful features of the Benelli M1014, the collapsing stock shortens the shotgun by nearly eight inches, which can also benefit easier storage and transportation and allow the user to quickly adapt the shotgun’s length of pull to different body types or various configurations of body armor. Unlike military-issue shotguns before the Benelli M1014, many Marines attach either an Aimpoint or Trijicon optic to the Picatinny rail that runs along the top of the Benelli’s receiver.
Recalling the aforementioned restrictions placed on imported shotguns in 1989, civilians purchasing the M4 equivalent of the Benelli M1014 are not offered the benefit of a collapsing stock. Instead, the M4 comes with a fixed-length modular stock system that brings the overall length of the M4 to 40 inches, which includes a 14 3/8-inch length of pull. The stock is textured, wears a sling attachment point and features a comfortable recoil-absorbing pad. At this point, the aftermarket has responded for the public’s desire for a collapsing stock like the M1014’s and extended magazine tube.

In February 2009, the LAPD approved the M4 for use by patrol officers under an individual purchase program. This is a tough list to make, and the M4 remains popular among that department’s ranks. “Our biggest issue with the M4 has been stock fit with a few officers,” a Los Angeles police training officer reports. “The M4 is a little long for some smaller-stature officers, and some have chosen to go with an M4 with a standard stock configuration, the one without the pistol grip. It’s proven itself in the field. There have been a number of situations already where an officer had to depend on his Benelli.”
benelli-shotgun-m1014-tactical-review-6
The rear sight on the Benelli M4 consists of a ghost-ring aperature assembly that’s attached to an optic-ready Picatinny rail.

Like the Benelli M1014, the M4 carries a Picatinny rail for optics that is especially useful when shooting slugs for accuracy. The military spec for the Benelli M1014 included the ability to effectively engage targets out to 125 meters with slugs. The ability to attach optics such as a red dot or the ACOG makes this kind of performance easily repeatable.

Most tactical users of the Benelli simply rely on the adjustable ghost-ring aperture rear sight and the fixed-blade front. The rear sight can be adjusted for both windage and elevation. As a sign of its intended ability to withstand use in a harsh environment, the sights are protected by metallic wings on each side. Even without an optic attached to the rail, I’ve tested both the Benelli M1014 and the M4 and had no problem grouping three Federal Tactical slugs in less than four inches from 100 yards in either configuration using the standard sights.

On the Range
Marines assigned to a Security Augmentation Force (SAF) shot thousands of rounds through the Benelli M1014 in training. The first day was often spent in a classroom learning the nomenclature, function, cycle of operation and basic maintenance before qualifying on the range. Familiarization usually concluded by firing off a few rounds, which transitioned these Marines to a second day of live fire on a steel and paper range. Marines were then taught how to perform a shotgun breach entry and room-clearing procedures as well as how to develop a strategy for quickly clearing different scenarios within a shoot house.
tactical-review-benelli-shotgun-m1014-8
Having tested the Benelli M1014 at MCB Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, I ordered an M4 Tactical with a pistol-grip stock for a comparison of results. The M4 provides the same handling, balance and operation as the M1014. At six feet tall with a 29-inch arm, I found the fixed-length pistol-grip stock to be a perfect fit to my proportions. In fact, I actually favor the fixed stock over the adjustable one I last evaluated on the Benelli M1014 because the fixed stock doesn’t rattle or resonate small vibrations to the face like the military variant.

Out of the box and on a benchrest, the Benelli M4 placed three Federal Tactical slugs in a group measuring 2 3/4 inches from 100 yards. It averaged four inches after five groups were fired, but the best result was definitely the first. Across the chronograph, the slug leaves the muzzle with an average speed of 1,250 feet per second. Comparing the same load fired from a Remington 1100 and a Mossberg 930, the Benelli averaged 35 fps slower than the other popular semiauto shotguns with barrels of the same length.

When it came to examining the patterned targets, the Benelli M4 patterned a tighter group with 00 buck, kept it centered on the target (even out to 40 yards) and could be shot faster against a PACT timer than any other shotgun. I loaded five rounds into each shotgun and recorded the splits between shots to determine the fastest semiautomatic shotgun. The first series of each illustrated mistakes in my own ability, but after five rounds I fell into a rhythm until I couldn’t draw the trigger any faster than the shotgun’s mechanical aspects would allow.
m1014-benelli-review-shotgun-tactical-7
The M4 is also equipped with a fixed pistol-grip stock.

With the Benelli, I was able to shoot through each magazine with a split time between each shot of .17 second. The next-fastest shotgun was the Mossberg 930, which produced a split of .22 second. There was nothing I could do to naturally shoot a shotgun any faster. I credit the short distance the pistons in the M4 have to travel in order to cycle its action.

Like the Benelli M1014, the Benelli M4 reliably fed every load for a 12-gauge shotgun that I had on hand. The tightest grouping and most consistent 00 buckshot load came from a box of Hornady Critical Defense 2 3/4-inch shells with eight pellets packed in the Versatite wad. Those pellets move out of the muzzle at nearly 1,600 feet per second and averaged a pattern at 40 yards measuring 13.36 inches. The most accurate slug load was produced by Winchester’s PDX1 personal defense load featuring three 00 buck pellets followed by a one-ounce rifled slug. At 40 yards, three slugs averaged 2 1/2 inches apart with a distance of 9.43 inches between the pellets.


Tactical to Practical
The fact that the Marine detachment at Aberdeen began training armorers whom it was about to field on the Benelli M4 seems to indicate that those in charge somehow knew that Benelli would end up being chosen and officially entered into service. I often repaired shotguns in the armories I worked in, but only saw two Benelli M1014s go down in my career and come across my bench for repair. In both cases, a piston was broken from extensive, hard and dry use (the Military Police used to expend most of the annual 12 gauge training allotment). When the repair parts arrived, the shotguns were quickly fixed and returned to service. If you only knew the problems I encountered with other service shotguns.
benelli-m1014-tactical-shotgun-10
The Benelli M4 and M1014 benefits from a chromed rotating bolt that’s designed for fast action and minimal wear.

Due to import restrictions, Benelli USA isn’t allowed to offer the Benelli M1014 for commercial sale, but that doesn’t mean the M4 is any less of a shotgun. In fact, it is every bit as reliable, accurate, soft recoiling and clean as what the Marines carry. With the shotgun’s suggested retail price starting at $1,999, you might have to spend more than you would to buy other semiautos, but keep this in mind: The Marine Corps has already done the extensive torture testing for you, and they chose the Benelli.


Review: Remington 870 DM Magpul 12 Gauge

$
0
0
Reload and respond faster with the Remington 870 DM Magpul 12 Gauge shotgun.
Reload and respond faster with the Remington 870 DM Magpul 12 Gauge shotgun.

While pump shotguns have been serving in a defensive role for decades, their Achilles heel has been the inevitably slow reload when compared to other platforms that feature a detachable magazine (DM). Feeding one round at a time into a tubular magazine is slower and requires some dexterity that may be unavailable in a stressful situation for some folks. For some of us, shotgun reloads can be timed with a sundial — until now.
Remington’s new 870 DM pairs a detachable box magazine with the iconic and time-­tested 870 shotgun. (Since 1950, more than 11 million have been manufactured.) Now with a detachable mag, the 870 shotgun is an even stronger selection for defense.
The detachable box magazine is constructed of polymer and steel, and carries six shells. Shield-graphic texturing provides grip during insertion or removal. G&A’s testing showed the magazines will not drop from the receiver, but need to be pulled from the magazine well.
The detachable box magazine is constructed of polymer and steel, and carries six shells. Shield-graphic texturing provides grip during insertion or removal. G&A’s testing showed the magazines will not drop from the receiver, but need to be pulled from the magazine well.

Changing the feeding system on a reliable-­as-­a-­hammershotgun could be disastrous. A fast reload isn’t worth the effort if it leads to inducing a malfunction that has to be cleared before the shotgun can fire.

When Guns & Ammo first saw and fired the 870 DM, we asked Daniel Cox, Remington’s shotgun product manager, what type of testing they did to make sure the new feeding system was as reliable as the old.
Though the 870 DM features a detachable box magazine, Remington has kept the former magazine tube as a platform to mount the same slide action of the 870’s forend assembly. However, now it wears furniture made by Magpul.
Though the 870 DM features a detachable box magazine, Remington has kept the former magazine tube as a platform to mount the same slide action of the 870’s forend assembly. However, now it wears furniture made by Magpul.

“We took 100 of these new shotguns, put 2,000 rounds through each of them, and recorded every issue that came up,” Cox said. “That gave us a large sample size with a lot of rounds on each sample. We did the same thing with the legacy 870. The failure rate on the regular 870 was less than 1 percent. The 870 DM’s failure rate was even smaller. We didn’t think we could do it, but the 870 DM feeds more reliably than the original 870.”

The results of the testing are pretty impressive, but a closer look at the shotgun reveals how they achieved such an improvement.
Shooters that prefer the Remington 870’s style of crossbolt safety and bolt carrier release will feel right at home working the action on the new 870 DM.
Shooters that prefer the Remington 870’s style of crossbolt safety and bolt carrier release will feel right at home working the action on the new 870 DM.

Chasing Perfection
A classic 870 utilizes an elevator to lift a shell from the tubular magazine and move it up in front of the bolt. Pushing the slide forward forces the bolt to scoop the shell into the chamber. If history is any indicator, this is a very effective and reliable way to feed a shotgun.

The 870 DM’s magazine presents the shotgun shells from a fixed position inside the receiver. The elevator is now gone and the static magazine replaces it. Anytime non­moving parts replace moving parts, reliability stands a good chance of improving.
Besides black, Magpul offers color versions of its SGA stocks and forends in flat dark earth, gray and orange. Remington, however, will only be offering this Magpul configuration of the 870 DM in black.
Besides black, Magpul offers color versions of its SGA stocks and forends in flat dark earth, gray and orange. Remington, however, will only be offering this Magpul configuration of the 870 DM in black.
Fitting a detachable magazine to the 870 required more than plugging the tubular magazine. (In fact, the hollow tube is still there to allow the forend to slide.) The forward trigger pin needed to be enlarged to support the magazine well, while the bolt also required modification.

The bolt on a standard 870 features a flat bottom. When loading, the lifter comes up and the bolt comes forward. When the bolt face is approximately 11/2 inches from the chamber, the elevator drops down and leaves the shell unsupported. This hasn’t been a big issue for Remington given that the system has worked for a very long time.
The durable all-­steel upper assembly of the single-stack box magazine is designed for quick insertion, reliable feeding and easy loading. No rocking is required to secure the magazine in place. Shooters can pick up additional three- and six-­round mags for $35 at retailers.
The durable all-­steel upper assembly of the single-stack box magazine is designed for quick insertion, reliable feeding and easy loading. No rocking is required to secure the magazine in place. Shooters can pick up additional three- and six-­round mags for $35 at retailers.

The 870 DM’s bolt has a lug fitted to the bolt face that extends approximately .42-­inch down towards the magazine. During the feeding cycle, the magazine follower maintains constant upward pressure on the incoming round while the lug from the bolt face scoops it out of the magazine and the bolt stuffs it in the chamber. The 870 DM’s feeding arrangement maintains constant pressure from two directions (the bolt face at its rear and the magazine spring from beneath), leaving the shell no place to go but into the chamber. This is why we feel it is a genuine improvement over the traditional 870’s action.

Each 870 DM Magpul ships with one, six-­round magazine. The top of the magazine positioned inside the receiver is steel, while the lower mag body is polymer. After testing, Remington concluded that variations in shotshell dimensions made putting any more than six in the box problematic. Development continues to see if a reliable 10-­round magazine is possible.
The reputation for strength of the 870 remains a priority in the 870 DM. Behind the walls of this ­steel receiver are a steel bolt, carrier, extractor and ejector. Remington proved its new model by feeding it 100,000 shells of 25 different loads.
The reputation for strength of the 870 remains a priority in the 870 DM. Behind the walls of this ­steel receiver are a steel bolt, carrier, extractor and ejector. Remington proved its new model by feeding it 100,000 shells of 25 different loads.

The magazine slides straight up into the receiver and the magazine catch engages the front of the stamped steel. Releasing the magazine requires pressing the large lever at the front of the magazine well. Empty magazines do not drop free, but there is plenty of magazine body to pull on.
The magazine well is made from aluminum and attaches to the receiver by means of two large pins that screw into place. High-­volume shooters that practice reloads a lot will likely experience some wear and tear to the magazine well as the steel upper on the magazine slams into the aluminum well. However, all that’s required to replace a beat-­up mag well is to remove the two pins, drop the old mag well and screw a new one into place. The job takes 2 minutes if you take your time.
The aluminum, magazine-well assembly box was the most challenging aspect for engineers. Not only will it accept mags loaded with 23/4- or 3-­inch shells, but the ambidextrous mag-release lever places the front hand in an ideal position when it’s time to reload.
The aluminum, magazine-well assembly box was the most challenging aspect for engineers. Not only will it accept mags loaded with 23/4- or 3-­inch shells, but the ambidextrous mag-release lever places the front hand in an ideal position when it’s time to reload.

Sights get defensive.
Besides the removable magazine, the two 870 DM samples G&A were sent for testing came with many features ideally suited for a defensive role. We especially liked the XS Ghost-­Ring rear sight and base with a white bead up front. Traditional bead sights are difficult to use with slugs and become invisible in low light. The steel base is a Picatinny rail that runs the length of the receiver and is secured to the 870 receiver by four screws.
Remington selected XS Sight Systems’ quick-­acquistion Ghost-Ring sight system designed for shotguns. It features a standard-­dot, single-bead sight up front that is drift adjustable for windage corrections. The rear ramp on the sight wears glare-­reducing serrations.
Remington selected XS Sight Systems’ quick-­acquistion Ghost-Ring sight system designed for shotguns. It features a standard-­dot, single-bead sight up front that is drift adjustable for windage corrections. The rear ramp on the sight wears glare-­reducing serrations.

The sights work well with everything from birdshot to slugs and the Pica-­tinny rail on the base makes attaching an appropriate optic a snap. Having sighting options on a shotgun still seems like a relatively new concept for some, but putting a red dot sight on this shotgun is an excellent idea. The Magpul stock and forend complete the package.

The Magpul stock and its adjustable comb height makes the shotgun shootable in a red dot configuration. Putting any type of sight on a shotgun pulls the shooter’s head off the comb because every shotgun stock is designed around a bead or vent-­rib sight, which plants the shooter’s head firmly on the comb. Lifting the sights off the barrel not only pulls one’s head up off the comb, but it gives recoil a running start into the shooter’s face. Magpul’s 870 DM Magpul adjustable stock uses spacers to raise the comb enough that the shooter can still have a firm cheek­weld even with an optic mounted.
Anchored by four screws, XS’ Ghost-Ring sight system can accommodate an optic. Without one, the rear aperture is hand-adjustable for zeroing windage and elevation. Only a small, flat-­head screwdriver is required to loosen and tighten the sight’s locking screws.
Anchored by four screws, XS’ Ghost-Ring sight system can accommodate an optic. Without one, the rear aperture is hand-adjustable for zeroing windage and elevation. Only a small, flat-­head screwdriver is required to loosen and tighten the sight’s locking screws.

The Magpul SGA stock also accommodates several sling mounting options. It has a spacer-­adjustable length of pull, as well. The forend features tabs at the front and the back to keep the support hand in place for pumping, and M-­Lok cutouts for adding lights or aiming lasers.

The barrel’s muzzle is threaded for choke tubes and the 870 DM arrived with a tactical extended Cylinder choke. The “extended” Cylinder tube allows the choke tube to host a muzzlebrake and gives the muzzle some standoff should you want to use this shotgun for doing things like breaching doors. We can’t imagine that many will, but it can benefit everyone.
The muzzlebrake is a screw-in choke that functions as a stand-off breaching device.
The muzzlebrake is a screw-in choke that functions as a stand-off breaching device.
The 870 pump-­action shotgun has often been regarded as the ultimate home-­defense platform. The new Remington 870 DM could succeed that reputation in filling such a role. When viewed as a package, the 870 DM Magpul also represents an incredible value. It is a well-­thought-­out package that brings improved reliability and faster reloads to an already time-­tested firearm that has been defending American homesteads for more than 60 years.

Review: Kel-Tec KSG-25

$
0
0
Kel-Tec KSG-25
Kel-Tec KSG-25
The first firearm I purchased was a Winchester 1300, which I then used to hunt everything from doves to deer. I’m still a fan of slide-­action shotguns but, in my opinion, there haven’t been a lot of groundbreaking changes to the basic pump design since I bought that 1300. Unless, of course, you consider Kel-­Tec’s KSG.
Imported pump shotguns are limited to five shells in their tubular magazines, and there are some domestic pump guns that come with nine-­shot tubes. Kel-­Tec, on the other hand, beat those numbers soundly with the KSG in 2011. The original held seven 23/4-­inch, 12-­gauge shells each in two tubes with the option of one extra in the chamber for 15. The new KSG-­25 holds 24 (plus one) and weighs 9 ­pounds (2 pounds more than the original). Shells are cleverly held in a pair of tubular magazines that run from the receiver — the top of which doubles as the comb of the stock — to the muzzle.
The KSG feeds from below the barrel, and ejects as the forend is pumped along the dual magazine tubes.
The KSG feeds from below the barrel, and ejects as the forend is pumped along the dual magazine tubes.
The design of the KSG series is simple. It feeds from below the barrel, and ejects as the forend is pumped along the dual magazine tubes. Feeding is controlled by a three-­position selector switch at the rear of the magazine tubes underneath. This switch allows you to choose whether the shotgun feeds from the right or left tube, or neither if the selector is in the middle. Both magazine tubes have numerous cutouts that keep the shooter informed of the remaining shells available.
When the ambidextrous action release on the front of the triggerguard is placed into the down position and the forearm is retracted, the bolt is pulled rearward through the receiver. Once it reaches the back, a pair of lifter arms drop down to pick up the next shell. The lifter arms ride upward on the return stroke and the shell is then chambered. After firing, the forearm is retracted and as the bolt reaches the rearward position, it ejects the spent shell casing as the lifter arms drop back down to catch the next shell in line.
There’s a square crossbolt safety with reverse orientation. Out of the box, the safety must be pushed to the right to fire.
The KSG-­25 arrives with two top rails, a long one closer to the receiver for mounting optics and a short one for attaching a front sight above the muzzle.
The KSG-­25 arrives with two top rails, a long one closer to the receiver for mounting optics and a short one for attaching a front sight above the muzzle.
The KSG-­25 arrives with two top rails, a long one closer to the receiver for mounting optics and a short one for attaching a front sight above the muzzle. There’s also a lower rail on the forearm. The gun’s pistol grip and buttplate are polymer, too, and the grip features Kel-­Tec’s signature square texturing. (Bonus: A vertical grip for the forearm was included in the box.)
The KSG-­25 comes factory-­­equipped with flip-­­up Magpul MBUS sights, but I removed them and mounted an Aimpoint 9000SC with a 2 MOA red dot for this evaluation. While the Aimpoint proved to be an ideal optic for this shotgun, I would swap out the low rings for something with a bit more elevation. Interestingly, I observed no point of impact shift after firing more than 80, 12-­­gauge slugs.
The grip features Kel-­Tec’s signature square texturing.
The grip features Kel-­Tec’s signature square texturing.
There’s a bit of slop in pulling the trigger until it breaks at 6.1 pounds. Group sizes landed between 3-­­ to 4-­­inches on average, but that’s the norm at 50 yards. It’s worth noting that the metal receiver that doubles as a comb can provide a stiff blow. I suggest some cushioning be placed atop the receiver to protect the facial bones when firing through a full load in both mags.
For defensive use, there are few guns that can match the KSG-­­25’s prodigious capacity and authority. At $1,400, the KSG isn’t cheap but that’s what you’ll pay for a shotgun in a class all by itself.
Kel-Tec-KSG-25-Accuracy
Kel-­Tec KSG-­25
Type: Pump action
Gauge: 12
Capacity: 24+1 (2¾ in.), 20+1 (3 in.)
Barrel: 30.5 in.
Overall Length: 38 in.
Weight: 9 lbs., 4 oz. (unloaded)
Finish: Matte black
Sights: Magpul MBUS
Trigger: 6 lbs., 2 oz. (tested)
MSRP: $1,400
Manufacturer: Kel-­Tec CNC Industries Inc.,
321-­631-­0068,
keltecweapons.com


Sports Tech Roundup: Better Safety and Performance Through Sensors and GPS

$
0
0
As sports become more competitive, accurately analyzing athletes' bodies and movements becomes more important. Here's a look at some examples of how sensors and GPS tracking enable athletes to up their game.

Everything from industrial applications to personal devices has experienced extraordinary change over the last few years due to advancements such as cloud-based connectivity, neural networks, 3D metal printing, shrinking transistors, and more. But what about sports technology?
In this article, we'll look at different devices and how they're helping athletes' performance, safety, and training.

GPS Units for Individual Athlete Monitoring

PLAYERTEK from Catapult Sports is a GPS tracking system that incorporates a vest to help coaches enhance their players and team as a whole through analytical statistics. Catapult believes that their product will help players get the most out of their practices and workouts.

PLAYERTEK also includes a pod that incorporates a gyroscope and accelerometer for maximum analytics. The pod shown below has a 10 Hz GPS for ultimate coverage, a 400 Hz Tri-axis accelerometer that can compress to 100 Hz for storage needs, a 10 Hz tri-axis magnetometer, and a large 500 MAH Li-ion battery that can operate for up to seven hours.

The pod and screengrabs from the app. Image courtesy of PLAYERTEK.

The sports vest has a nook for their pod that is placed on the players back, close to the neck for best transmission. The data is sent to an app that is on both iOS and Android. Information such as distance, speed, power plays, passes, etc. are displayed and can be sent to social media through the app. Coaches can monitor almost everything as well as set milestones to record their players advancements. PLAYERTEK also includes a heat-map as to where the most activity is happening on the field, as well.

PLAYERTEK can be worn in sports such as soccer, rugby, football, Gaelic sports, lacrosse, and basketball. Catapult is focusing on amateur sports teams in soccer and football, but they have also been used by the Golden State Warriors, too.

Magnetic Gates for Precise Time Tracking for Slalom Skiers

Researchers at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland have developed a magnetic gate that can provide useful feedback for slalom skiers and their team.

Traditionally, slalom ski coaches could record begin, intermediate, and end times for athletes' races but they didn't have anything information between those data points. While modern recording technology has made it easier to assess a skier's run, every fraction of a second counts in competitive racing.

Through the use of magnets, with one on the skier and one on each pole, coaches can track statistics much more accurately over an accelerometer or gyroscope.


The research was conducted at the EFPL's Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, part of their Interschool Institute of Bioengineering, led by Dr. Kamiar Aminian. The magnetic system is rather ingenious as the magnetic field grows in strength as the skier rounds past each gate. Doctoral Assistant Benedikt Fasel and his team have found that if they have the amplitude of the magnetic field, they can then calculate the distance. With both of these values known, they can calculate the skier's exact distance from the gate and find their speed.

The team's goal is to help alpine skiers base their line choice off of scientific data rather than intuition, as well as analyze their strengths and weaknesses while performing.

Analyzing Body Motion for Cyclists

LEOMO, a sports IoT device company, is working on the next big thing for helping cyclists perform their absolute best. The company has created a device, the TYPE-R, which consists of a handlebar-mounted touchscreen and five sensors. Inside of these sensors are gyroscopes and accelerometers that measure a rider's motion and form while cycling.

Image courtesy of LEOMO.

LEOMO believes that motion analysis is the answer to giving the best real-time feedback on foot position, leg angle, pedaling "dead spots", and pelvic tilt on a bike seat. The sensors are placed on the thighs, feet, and pelvis, which allows for the most accurate measurements.

With over 100 data points per second of real-time data, LEOMO can paint a precise picture of how a cyclist moves. Their handlebar unit can track power, power balance, cadence, speed, and heart rate. These values can be displayed as graphs, which allows the user to track data over time visually.




What sports tech has impressed you recently? Share your thoughts in the comments below.

How to Perform Frequency-Domain Analysis with Scilab

$
0
0
In a previous article, I introduced Scilab and the concept of digital sinusoid generation, and we used the plot() command to display time-domain waveforms. The primary goal in this article is to understand and gain experience with Scilab’s fft() command, which allows us to display waveforms in the frequency domain. A frequency-domain representation of a single-frequency sinusoid isn’t very interesting, though, and in the next article we’ll look at frequency-domain analysis in the context of RF modulation.

The FFT

The Fourier transform provides a way of identifying the frequency content of a signal. The original Fourier transform is a mathematical procedure that takes an expression that is a function of time and produces an expression that is a function of frequency. If we want to generate this same type of information in the context of sampled signals, we can use the discrete Fourier transform, abbreviated DFT. My guess is that some people who have often heard the term “FFT” are not familiar with the term “DFT.” The FFT (fast Fourier transform) is simply a name used to refer to algorithms that can efficiently perform DFT calculations; you can learn more about the FFT here.

We can generate DFT data for a waveform by including the corresponding array as an argument in an fft() command. However, a command such as fft(BasebandSignal) will not produce data that can be displayed as a typical frequency-domain plot.

The first reason for this is the fact that the results of the DFT computation are complex numbers that convey both magnitude information and phase information. Often we are interested only in the magnitude (or the word “amplitude” might be more intuitive here) of the signal’s frequency components, and we can extract this magnitude data using the abs() command.

Another issue is the lack of actual frequencies; we discussed this same complication, though with regard to time-domain sampled signals, in the previous article. When we have a command such as fft(BasebandSignal), the input array is just a series of numbers. This series of numbers says nothing about corresponding real-world frequencies, and consequently we have to provide that information elsewhere in order to generate a more informative spectrum.

The Discrete Fourier Transform of a Sine Wave

In this article we will be working with a 10 kHz baseband signal and a 100 kHz carrier. (I chose this carrier frequency for the sake of convenience; in a typical RF application it would be much higher.) The sampling frequency will be 1 MHz.
Let’s start by creating the baseband signal and then looking at the time-domain and frequency-domain plots.

BasebandFrequency = 10e3;
SamplingFrequency = 1e6;
BufferLength = 200;
n = 0:(BufferLength - 1);
BasebandSignal = sin(2*%pi*n / (SamplingFrequency/BasebandFrequency));
plot(n, BasebandSignal)


The following commands will generate a frequency-domain representation of this waveform:

BasebandDFT = fft(BasebandSignal);
BasebandDFT_magnitude = abs(BasebandDFT);
plot(BasebandDFT_magnitude)


I would not describe this plot as particularly helpful, but it’s a good start. The first issue is that a single-frequency sine wave has resulted in two DFT frequency components. This occurs because the DFT calculations generate symmetric results—i.e., the right half of the plot is a mirror image of the left half of the plot. We can eliminate this distraction as follows:

plot(BasebandDFT_magnitude(1:(BufferLength/2)))


All we’ve done here is tell the plot() command to display only the first half of the data. Let’s zoom in on the spike:



Why does the frequency component correspond to 3 on the horizontal axis? Well, if you look back at the time-domain plot, the array that was passed to the fft() command has two full sine-wave cycles. In the DFT environment this becomes a “frequency” of 2, and since our plot begins at a horizontal-axis value of 1 instead of 0, a “frequency” of 2 is located at value 3 on the horizontal axis. We can remedy this confusing situation by plotting the FFT results with respect to the array n:

plot(n(1:(BufferLength/2)), BasebandDFT_magnitude(1:(BufferLength/2)))


Introducing Real Frequencies

The spectrum currently shows a single frequency component at 2; the next step is to change the horizontal axis so that the values correspond to the actual frequencies used in the system. Fortunately, this is not difficult. Consider the following observations:
  • The DFT result is influenced by the length of the buffer. If we had a 300-sample buffer, there would be 3 full baseband cycles and the DFT spike would be located at 3 on the horizontal axis instead of 2. Thus, we need to somehow incorporate the buffer length into the modification of the horizontal axis.
  • The sampling frequency is the fundamental reference for the entire sampled system. Once the signals have been digitized, their relationship to absolute time is replaced by a relationship to a sampling frequency.
  • The highest frequency that the system can process is equal to the sampling frequency (fs) divided by 2. Within the context of a given sampled system, frequencies above fs/2 don’t really exist because they can’t be distinguished from corresponding lower frequencies.
The values on the horizontal axis of the DFT results are counting up, in evenly spaced increments, from 0 to the system’s maximum frequency, and the size of the increment is governed by the length of the buffer. Thus, to introduce real-life frequencies into the DFT spectrum, we need to plot the magnitudes with respect to a series of values that increase from zero to fs/2 (actually, to get the correct array length the range will extend to the value immediately preceding fs/2). We can accomplish this as follows:

HalfBufferLength = BufferLength/2;
HorizAxisIncrement = (SamplingFrequency/2)/HalfBufferLength;
DFTHorizAxis = 0:HorizAxisIncrement:((SamplingFrequency/2)-HorizAxisIncrement);
plot(DFTHorizAxis, BasebandDFT_magnitude(1:HalfBufferLength))
xlabel("Frequency (Hz)")


Here is the zoomed-in version:



As you can see, the baseband signal’s frequency component is now identified as 10 kHz. We can follow the same procedure for the 100 kHz carrier signal:

CarrierSignal = sin(2*%pi*n / (SamplingFrequency/CarrierFrequency));
CarrierDFT = fft(CarrierSignal);
CarrierDFT_magnitude = abs(CarrierDFT);
plot(DFTHorizAxis, CarrierDFT_magnitude(1:HalfBufferLength))


Conclusion


I hope that this article has helped you understand how to interpret the data provided by a discrete Fourier transform. You can now use Scilab to analyze the frequency content of signals that you have generated mathematically or captured via analog-to-digital conversion.

Automated Optical Inspection (AOI), Apps, and Machine Learning: Tools for PCB Quality Control

$
0
0
Can you assess a PCB's similarity to its golden sample just by looking at it with your eyes? As components and leads get smaller over time, this becomes increasingly difficult and nearly impossible when considering scalable PCB fabrication. How has visual inspection of PCBs evolved?
Visual inspection of PCBs has long been an important portion of the manufacturing process. Technological advancements over the last several decades, however, have made visual inspections more exact—and in some cases removed humans from the picture altogether.
Here's a high-level look at some examples of these advancements in action.

What Is a Golden Sample?

A "golden sample" is a manufactured sample deemed to be the best embodiment of the design as it is intended. It is a "perfect" or "ideal" example of a device or PCB that serves as a bar against which to measure all other fabricated samples. Using a golden sample to ensure quality for fabricated PCBs requires intensive attention to detail, from the skew of components on the board to the integrity of leads on a QFN package.

A golden sample can benchmark factors including those that can be measured by oscilloscopes and other test and measurement equipment. Visual inspection, however, is also vitally important for pinpointing errors in the fabrication process. Modern visual inspection usually includes the use of microscopes. Apps designed to work with these microscopes are intended to further aid in board assessment in increasing in popularity. Also popular is AOI or automated optical inspection, which uses a camera to do autonomous inspections of PCBs in post-production.

All of these methods involve a form of photogrammetry, the term for measuring objects based off of photographs taken of them. While this term can be applied to measurements of, say, buildings or natural formations based on aerial photography, it also applies to the measurement of PCB features on the scale of microns.

Measurement Apps with High-Powered Microscopes

Most PCB visual inspection requires the use of microscopes by virtue of the fact that surface-mounted components are increasingly crammed onto tiny spaces.

Danish digital microscope maker Tagarno has unveiled a new app that allows users to perform side-by-side comparisons of golden sample images to live PCBs or sample images that will help accelerate the inspection process.

Tagarno says their newly released side-by-side app will allow users to better conduct quality control checks following component placement or reflow operations, and help users catch misplaced components or other errors in a more efficient manner.

The maker has previously offered a number of other apps to more closely analyze measurements, verification lines, and focus stacking, but company spokesperson Sabine Svane said there was tremendous demand from global distributors and end customers for the additional capabilities provided in the new application: “Prior to using the app, the procedure was to place the boards next to each other and perform a purely visual comparison and evaluation of two boards,” according to Svane. “In regard to other situations, there are [none] where you have the precision, alignment features and ease of use in the same way as you do with our app.”


Screengrab used courtesy of Tagarno.

Users connect a mouse and keyboard directly to the microscope in order to utilize the app, which works with the FHD Trend, FHD Prestige and FHD Uno models. Users can perform a range of functions with the comparison app, including save templates, add text, arrow, and circular annotations, and adjust colors.

The auto-alignment feature in the app allows users to more easily match up the reference to the sample, by making the reference sample partially transparent. Prior to officially launching the app, the company said the product went through test use with distributors and end users.
As with any app, one of the qualities Tagarno highlights is the ability to update features and fix bugs remotely. The company issues quarterly updates on the firmware on its applications to make sure any errors or required enhancements are addressed.

Charles King, principal analyst at Pund-IT, said the application is similar to other automated optical inspection solutions used in the quality control process in the PCB market, but it's not clear what the unique point of differentiation is for the Tagarno application. AOI options can range from basic web-cam based inspection technology used for limited production use to more robust commercial grade options for high-volume processes.


Machine Vision in AOI

Assessing 3D and 2D images for automated optical inspection can be performed by machine vision algorithms. This example from Visteon and the Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal presents an algorithm for assessing 3D solder joint inspection.

One method of ensuring equal assessment of each PCB is the use of specific AOI cameras to reduce the effects of how distance from the lens affects focus. Compared to traditional cameras, AOI cameras can reduce distortion by using a telecentric lens, creating an orthographic projection of a complex 3D structure by "flattening" it to two dimensions. This allows machine vision algorithms to more reliably make accurate measurements of a board.

Another method is to capture 3D images instead, allowing algorithms to assess a three-dimensional rendering of a board. Last month, MEK Marantz Electronics announced their latest system for 3D inspection of PCBs.


Taking top-and-bottom AOI. Images courtesy of MEK Marantz Electronics

Nine cameras are used to take a detailed, 3D image of a PCB. This latest version also allows top and bottom views of the boards for additional information.



What's your experience with visual inspection of PCBs? Do you have expertise about assessing flattened vs 3D images? Is there an important AOI method or technology missing that you'd like to see covered? Share your thoughts in the comments below..


Featured image courtesy of Tagarno.

How Design Kits Simplify IoT’s Last Mile to the Cloud

$
0
0
A sneak peek of two IoT platforms allows developers to save time and cost while they streamline connectivity to the cloud services.

A new crop of the Internet of Things (IoT) development kits is simplifying design work while streamlining the last mile that links embedded systems to the cloud. This article will present two case studies that allow IoT designers to quickly implement their ideas with a combination of modular hardware and software solutions.

PI Development Hardware

First, take UrsaLeo kit from RS Components (RS), which comes with pre-registered access to the Google Cloud. The IoT kit allows developers to configure their own dashboards and charts, so they can set event-based text or e-mail alerts and run Google analytics.

The apps and APIs in the UL-NXP1S2R2 kit help IoT designers manage sensors, run diagnostics, and share information with enterprise software or third-party tools. RS Components is targeting this kit at the IoT sensing designs employed in automotive diagnostics, healthcare, and general data monitoring applications.


The UrsaLeo sensor kit allows developers to collect and analyze data on a dashboard within minutes. Image courtesy of RS Components.

The IoT platform is based on a Silicon Labs Thunderboard™ 2 sensor module which is ready to connect to the Google Cloud services. The module contains sensors for temperature, humidity, UV, ambient light, barometric pressure, indoor air quality, and gas detection. It also features a digital microphone, a 6-axis inertial sensor, and a Hall sensor.

The UrsaLeo kit also features the EFR32™ Mighty Gecko multi-protocol 2.4 GHz radio from Silicon Labs. It supports Thread, ZigBee®, and Bluetooth® Low Energy (BLE) as well as proprietary short-range wireless protocols. The kit also offers a ceramic antenna, four high-brightness LEDs, and a coin cell or external battery pack.

Portable Software Agent

A portable software agent from Ayla Networks is another use case showing how IoT platforms are simplifying connectivity to the cloud services. It allows IoT developers to select any cellular or Wi-Fi module and have it connected to the Ayla IoT cloud without a lengthy certification process.
Generally, for a specific connectivity chip or module, IoT designers have to build software and then have it certified. That inevitably results in time and cost overhead. What Ayla has done here is bypasses this need to generate source code to port software on a specific connectivity module.

A view of how a communication module pre-loaded with a portable software agent facilitates connectivity to the cloud. Image courtesy of Ayla Networks.

So IoT developers can pick any connectivity hardware and use Ayla's portable agent software to connect to the cloud service. The portable agent comprises of source code, reference implementation, a porting guide, and a test suite for both cellular and Wi-Fi solutions. Ayla also recommends development partners to perform porting work for IoT designers that don't have the in-house firmware team.



The development kits explained in this article are a testament of how IoT platforms can play a vital role in quickly adding application enablement capabilities to the connected embedded systems—and how IoT developers can focus on their business priorities instead of getting stuck into the IoT's connectivity labyrinth.


What other IoT kits have caught your eye recently? Let us know in the comments below.

Review: Browning Maxus Wicked Wing

$
0
0
Hardcore waterfowlers want a distinctive shotgun with capabilities unimagined 50 years ago. This year, Browning’s newest Maxus delivers.
Hardcore waterfowlers want a distinctive shotgun with capabilities unimagined 50 years ago. This year, the newest Browning Maxus delivers.
Several years ago, I traveled up to Wyanet, Illinois, for a big ­gun auction. This was not a high-­class affair as might be presented by James D. Julia or Rock Island Auction, but rather a local sale that featured hundreds of economical to medium-­grade firearms.


These were relics of a time when retailers that are on shaky ground but still with us, like J.C. Penney and Sears, competed with long-­gone names like Coast to Coast, Gamble’s, Montgomery Ward and Western Auto. These were generic guns, produced in the millions by makers everyone knows, like Savage and Winchester, or others remembered only by those eligible for social security, like High Standard or Noble.
The Maxus is quite a long gun, measuring 50 inches overall with an extended choke tube installed. Despite that, it is remarkably light at just 7.1 pounds. It fires 23/4-­, 3-­ and 31/2-­inch ammo interchangeably.
The Maxus is quite a long gun, measuring 50 inches overall with an extended choke tube installed. Despite that, it is remarkably light at just 7.1 pounds. It fires 23/4-­, 3-­ and 31/2-­inch ammo interchangeably.
The years before the Gun Control Act of 1968 were a time when every rural home, and most suburban ones, too, had a plain-­barreled repeating shotgun with a Modified or Full choke. Combine it with a pocketful of lead No. 5s, a surplus field jacket and a few decoys, and you were fully outfitted for duck hunting.

While those dear days are gone, and with fewer people hunting waterfowl, the ones who are left are so much more committed. For the folks who own a Browning Maxus Wicked Wing, it is a statement showing that they are all-in on waterfowling.
What makes this Maxus a Wicked Wing is the Cerakote Burnt Bronze finish, along with the Mossy Oak Shadow Grass Blades Dura-­Touch Armor coating. It stands out in a gun safe but blends in well afield.
What makes this Maxus a Wicked Wing is the Cerakote Burnt Bronze finish, along with the Mossy Oak Shadow Grass Blades Dura-­Touch Armor coating. It stands out in a gun safe but blends in well afield.

Coming of Age
The Maxus debuted in 2009, superseding the Gold model. The lower-­priced Silver model was retained, and the gas-­operated Maxus runs in harness with the inertia recoil-­operated A5 at the top of the Browning range. All three are made in several configurations, giving Browning a very comprehensive line of hunting and competition autoloaders.

The “Wicked Wing” designation denotes a special Cerakote surface treatment. The effect is achieved using the same Burnt Bronze metallic color applied separately at different temperatures before the base coat cures. It coordinates well with the furniture’s Dura-­Touch Armor Coating camouflaged with Mossy Oak’s Shadow Grass Blades pattern on the composite stock and forend.

The Wicked Wing is a very large shotgun, measuring 50 inches with an extended choke tube installed. But the combination of a synthetic stock and aluminum receiver keeps the shotgun’s weight down to just a whisper over 7 pounds, a figure that will be appreciated when you’re encumbered with waders, heavy clothing, a load of decoys and 3½-­inch, 12-­gauge ammunition.
The PowerDrive gas system uses a short-­stroke piston that works to smooth out the recoil impulse and to keep the Maxus clean. The magazine tube is lathe-­turned to a contour that helps reduce friction.
The PowerDrive gas system uses a short-­stroke piston that works to smooth out the recoil impulse and to keep the Maxus clean. The magazine tube is lathe-­turned to a contour that helps reduce friction.

Its operating system reaches all the way back to the Winchester Super-­X Model 1, made from 1974 through ’81. The Super-­X 1 was a great-­looking and -­shooting shotgun that just never could quite compete with the Remington Model 1100, especially given Winchester’s financial problems at the time.

It used a short-­stroke piston system with a single operating rod on the left side bearing on the bolt slide. It was fast-­operating and stayed a lot cleaner than long-­stroke designs, but the operating rod was prone to breaking off the piston sleeve.

However, there’s nothing like roughly 40 years of development to deal with that sort of problem. Browning’s PowerDrive gas system uses a synthetic piston sleeve that mounts the steel operating rod in a sturdy boss.
BrowningMaxusSpecs
The piston is complicated, with features intended to compensate for heavy waterfowl loads and to reduce powder fouling.

A splined inner tube rests on a hefty coil spring inside the piston. When heavy loads are selected, it is free to move rearward against the spring, opening ports at the front of the piston body and releasing gas. At the same time, it is free to rotate, and the splines scrape against the piston’s interior, clearing fouling.

The magazine tube itself is lathe-­turned, producing three “plateaus.” At rest, the piston is on the middle plateau. During recoil, it passes over the gap between that plateau and the one closest to the receiver. This reduces friction and provides a scraping action to help keep the piston bore clean.
The Speed Lock Forearm removes by lifting a lever at the front; there’s no need to unscrew a magazine tube cap. It also allows for quick installation or removal of a sling, which is a big plus when packing in a takedown case.
The Speed Lock Forearm removes by lifting a lever at the front; there’s no need to unscrew a magazine tube cap. It also allows for quick installation or removal of a sling, which is a big plus when packing in a takedown case.
Browning says the piston stroke has been increased by 20 percent to improve functioning with light loads.

The bolt tilts inside the bolt slide, and incorporates the bolt face and the locking lug, which engages a cut in the barrel extension. That part, like the barrel itself, is chrome lined. The ejector is fitted into the left side of the barrel extension and is spring-­loaded for proper ejection of all shell lengths.

The Barrel & More 
The barrel is bored to .742-­inch inside diameter for reduced recoil and improved pattern performance. It also has the lengthened, Browning-standard, Vector Pro forcing cone for reduced pellet deformation and better patterns.
The bolt release button is exactly the size of a penny for fast operation with gloved hands. The triggerguard and safety button are also proportioned for convenient use in the coldest waterfowling weather.
The bolt release button is exactly the size of a penny for fast operation with gloved hands. The triggerguard and safety button are also proportioned for convenient use in the coldest waterfowling weather.

It’s supplied with Goose Band Extended Invector-­Plus choke tubes in Improved Cylinder (.729 inch), Modified (.719 inch) and Full (.704 inch) configurations. All are 3 inches with a conical parallel internal profile that constricts the shot charge gradually for even patterns.

The parallel segment of the tube sticks out of the muzzle by 7⁄8 inch, easing any worry you might have about it bulging under the impact of years of steel shot loads and seizing inside the barrel. Since the tube wall of the Full choke tube is .066-­inch thick, you needn’t fret, but the extended part makes for easy tube changing in the field. It also serves as the canvas for a clever decorative scheme that resembles a waterfowl leg band. The large numbers “4109-­11146” are the GPS coordinates for Browning’s Morgan, Utah, headquarters.

The barrel is topped with a 6.5mm ventilated rib with a white .096-­inch midbead and a LPA Sights’ .115-­inch red fiber optic at the muzzle. Its supports have a distinctive shark-­toothed pattern exclusive to the Maxus.

Takedown is expedited by the Speed Lock Forearm. In place of the traditionally threaded magazine tube cap is a lever at the bottom front of the forend. Push the button at the very tip and rotate the lever down. This disengages a catch from a slot in the magazine tube, letting you slide the forend off.
Extended “goose band” choke tubes keep the choked segment outside the bore and are easily removed by hand. The large numbers rollmarked on them are the GPS coordinates for Browning‘s Morgan, Utah, headquarters. Very clever.
Extended “goose band” choke tubes keep the choked segment outside the bore and are easily removed by hand. The large numbers rollmarked on them are the GPS coordinates for Browning‘s Morgan, Utah, headquarters. Very clever.

A bonus of this system is that the front of the lever forms a claw that retains a sling swivel, letting you quickly remove the sling when disassembling the Maxus. If you’re using a takedown case, this is very handy.

While you have the forend off, you can access Browning’s Turnkey Magazine Plug. To remove the plug, pass a common house or car key through the slot at the end of the magazine tube, turn the plug 90 degrees, then invert the gun and shake the plug out.

The triggerguard, safety button and especially the bolt-­release button are generously sized, with the latter being exactly the diameter of a penny. You should have no trouble operating any of these with gloved fingers. The safety button can be reversed, but Browning suggests having a qualified gunsmith do the job.

Quick Shooting, Quick Reloading
Browning claims its Lightning Trigger, which is exclusive to the Maxus models, delivers a lock time 24 percent shorter than the nearest competitor. Examining the trigger assembly, easily removed by driving out a pair of .175-­inch pins, shows that the hammer is much shorter and lighter than most other designs, allowing it to reach the firing pin faster.
The magazine cutoff at the left front of the receiver lets a hunter retain shells in the magazine while locking the bolt open. This comes in handy for boarding a boat or for switching ammo types.
The magazine cutoff at the left front of the receiver lets a hunter retain shells in the magazine while locking the bolt open. This comes in handy for boarding a boat or for switching ammo types.
A magazine cutoff lever at the left front of the receiver retains shells in the magazine, allowing you to eject a shell from the magazine without another moving onto the lifter. This lets you easily switch ammunition types or unload the chamber to get on a boat while leaving the magazine loaded. When it’s activated, it sticks out enough to remind you to move it forward before firing.

The Speed Load Plus system, dating back to the 1950s, allows fast reloading when the Maxus runs dry. Just insert a shell into the magazine and it instantly is conveyed to the chamber. Your hand is in position to continue filling the magazine.

The Right Fit 
Like even modestly priced shotguns these days, the Wicked Wing comes with a buttplate spacer to adjust pull length and a set of six shims that are trapped between the buttstock and receiver to regulate drop and cast. Three shims provide neutral cast.

The shotgun comes with one shim installed providing 2 inches of drop at the heel, while the others give you 1⁄8-­inch increased or decreased drop. The other three shims provide those drop settings along with 1⁄8-­inch cast-­off or cast-­on, depending on which way they are installed.
Six shims let shooters regulate drop and cast by trapping one between receiver and buttstock. That process is eased by a longer recoil spring tube that puts the nut just below the buttplate. (There’s no need for a socket extension.)
Six shims let shooters regulate drop and cast by trapping one between receiver and buttstock. That process is eased by a longer recoil spring tube that puts the nut just below the buttplate. (There’s no need for a socket extension.)

It doesn’t take a lot of offset to produce that cast measurement. The shim is .062 inch on one side and .075 inch on the other.

Browning has made installation easier by extending the recoil spring tube enough to place its nut just under the buttpad. Which means you won’t need the usual socket wrench extension and the usual 13mm deep-­hole socket to loosen it. In fact, a good, old, American half-­inch socket turns it.
The recoil pad is the familiar Browning Inflex, which has downward-­angled internal ribs that work to drop the comb away from your face during recoil. This effect is especially welcome with 3½-­inch steel loads.

The stock and forend are coated with Browning’s Dura-­Touch Armor Coating in Mossy Oak Shadow Grass Blades camo. The pistol grip and forend have gripping surfaces that mimic stippling for a secure grasp in all weather conditions.

Light ’Em Up
I patterned and function- fired the Maxus Wicked Wing with 3½-­, 3-­ and 2¾-­inch ammunition. There were no failures.

This is a big gun. The receiver circumference in front of the triggerguard is 7 inches. That same measurement on a Remington Model 1100 is 6 inches. The receiver is 9 inches long, compared to 8 inches for the 1100.

I first saw it at a Browning junket last year and thought, “What a load that’s gonna be!” And it feels huge, but you quickly notice it’s light and well-­balanced.

Browning had arranged a little sporting course, and the first target was a mini launched at an obtuse angle probably 30 yards out, so that it would be 50 or more yards away when broken. It looked like a gnat against the sky.
BrowningMaxusPerformance
I was first man up and my confidence was about nil and not improved by taunts from the others. But the Maxus swung freely, and I broke the tiny target, and many more after that. Once you get past the visual impression of its size, the Wicked Wing is really an easy-­handling shotgun.

Early 3½-­inch, 12-­gauge guns like the Mossberg 835, combined with the ammo of the time, made for pretty grim shooting. Both guns and ammo have advanced quite a bit since 1990, for which we can be thankful.

Reference to one of the many handy recoil calculators on the internet showed a 1-­ounce steel load at 1,500 feet per second (fps) produces 57.49 foot-­pounds (ft.-­lbs.) free recoil in the 7.1-­pound Maxus. That’s up in .375 H&H Magnum country, so, yes, it does kick.

I found the thumb of my trigger hand tended to whack my nose when I touched a round off while patterning. You’re unlikely to have that problem while wearing heavy winter clothing, and keeping the thumb on top of the pistol grip solved it, as might installing the supplied stock spacers.

Dropping back to a 3-­inch load driving 11⁄8 ounces of steel shot at 1,635 fps reduces the thump to 38.59 ft.-­lbs., which is more like .300 Weatherby Magnum recoil. You’ll swear the Weatherby kicks harder, thanks to its earsplitting muzzle blast.

Take it down to a dove load with an ounce of shot at 1,200 fps, and you’re getting just 17.42 ft.-­lbs., which is about what you get from a 7.62×39 rifle round.

So, in short, recoil with 2¾-­inch ammo is “soft as a maiden’s kiss,” as Col. Charles Askins used to say, and it’s not bad at all with 3-­inch steel; I’d shoot it all day.

You’ll want to be judicious with 3½-­inch loads, both for the jolt and for the fact that they can cost half again as much as the 2¾-­inch stuff. Ask yourself if the target really needs it, and if you’re really good enough to make the long shots where the 31/2s shine.

The Wicked Wing is certainly marketed as a specialist waterfowling gun, but given its weight and supple handling, you wouldn’t be out of line a bit to shoot doves or pheasant with it. Bringing it to a Georgia quail hunt would invite derision, but it offers more all-­around capability than you might think at first glance.

About the only complaint heard against the gun was the shiny surface of the choke tube, which stood out like a beacon in bright sun. A couple inches of camo tape would solve that problem before taking it out into a field.

If you’ve made a full commitment to waterfowl hunting and want a very distinctive, fast-­handling, 3½-­inch 12-­gauge, the Maxus Wicked Wing may fit your blind to a tee.

Mossberg Introduces 590M Shockwave 12-Gauge Pump-Action

$
0
0
Mossberg590
Mossberg 590M Shockwave 12-gauge Firearm

Mossberg introduces the 590M Shockwave 12-gauge firearm with 15-inch barrel, pistol grip and the world’s first double-stack, 10-round shotgun magazine. The Mossberg 590M combines the convenience and adaptability of a mag-fed shotgun with a “Non-NFA” pump-action platform. And for greater versatility, optional 5, 10, 15 and 20-round capacity magazines are sold as accessories. This compact 12-gauge is classified by the BATFE (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives) as a “Non-NFA Firearm,” requiring no tax stamp for transfers.

Based upon Mossberg’s proven pump-action platform, standard features of the 590M Shockwave include non-binding twin action bars; positive steel-to-steel lock-up; dual extractors; anodized aluminum receiver drilled and tapped for convenience of adding optics; 15-inch heavy-walled barrel; convenient cleanout magazine tube; and universally-recognized, ambidextrous top-mounted safety. With the included 10-round magazine, these 12-gauge 2.75-inch pump-actions have a total round capacity of 10+1.
This Shockwave Technologies Raptor pistol grip features an enhanced textured finish and has a “bird’s head” shaped-profile, allowing for maximum control while minimizing felt recoil. The grip is constructed of durable, glass-filled polymer with non-reflective, black finish and has an overall length of 5.25 inches. Completing the furniture package for the 590M Shockwave is the cob-styled, tactical forend which is strapped for greater control and smoother operation.

At the core of the 590M Shockwave are the magazine’s integral stabilizing ribs which engage the magazine directly to notches machined into the receiver, ensuring a positive lock-up. The all-steel, heated-treated magazine release button and housing are optimally-positioned in front of the trigger guard for convenient, ambidextrous access for unloading and reloading. The location of the mag release does not interfere with cycling of the action. The well-executed design allows for proper balance with a full-magazine located at the center of gravity point.

The 590M design features a patented double-stack magazine constructed with hardened-steel feed lips, over-molded steel shell ramps and an anti-cant, rounded follower to ensure reliable feeding. Additional features include an easy-grip, molded external shell; proprietary self-lubricating polymer magazine body; heavy-duty ASTM-A-228 music-wire magazine spring for prolonged service life; removable floor plate for ease of cleaning; and durable black oxide finish on the steel components. This proprietary double-stack magazine design provides greater capacity in less magazine length versus competitor’s single stack magazines.

The 590M Shockwave features an overall length of 27.5 inches, recoil-taming pistol grip (not designed to be shoulder-mounted), compact 15-inch barrel length and the convenience of magazine-feeding. By definition, the Shockwave platform is a “firearm” under the Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA), and is not subject to the provisions of the National Firearms Act (NFA), although state and local laws may be more restrictive. To read a copy of the letter from the BATFE regarding federal classification of the Shockwave or more information on Mossberg’s family of Shockwave firearms, including the 590M Shockwave, please visit www.mossberg.com.

Mossberg 590M Shockwave Pump-Action Firearm Specifications:
ItemTypeGauge/ChamberCapacityBarrel/FinishSights
50208590M Non-NFA Pump-Action12 ga/2.75 in.1115 in. Hvy-Walled/Matte BlueBead
ChokesOverall LengthForend/Stock/FinishApprox WeightMSRP
Cylinder Bore27.5 inShockwave Raptor Grip/Cob Forend with Strap/Black Synthetic

6.55 lbs$721
Disclaimer: Although the Mossberg 590 Shockwave is classified as a “firearm” under the Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA), and is not subject to the provisions of the National Firearms Act (NFA), state and local laws may be more restrictive. Although it is legal federally, the 590 Shockwave may be considered a “short-barreled” shotgun or “assault weapon” by certain state and local laws; and therefore illegal to possess. Please check with your local authorities concerning the legality of possessing a firearm of this configuration.


13 Popular 6.5mm Rifle Cartridges

$
0
0
Let’s have a look at the gamut of popular 6.5mm cartridges, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each.
Let’s have a look at the gamut of popular 6.5mm cartridges, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each.
Metric bore diameters have never really been a huge success here in America; perhaps it’s our natural resistance to the metric system, or simple American pride. Nonetheless, the very nature of the 6.5mm (.260 cal.) bullets makes it a wonderful choice.
While the 6.5 Creedmoor is gobbling up the lion’s share of attention within this bore diameter, there are many other, and many older, viable choices. It has been overlooked for far too long here in the U.S., being an excellent choice for the most popular game animals here. Let’s have a look at the gamut of popular 6.5mm cartridges, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each.

  1. 6.5×55 Swedish Mauser
6.5x55-Swedish-Mauser
Bred for war, the 6.5×55 Swedish Mauser dates back to the late 19th century, yet remains one of the finest 6.5mm cartridges on the market. Offering the capability of driving the heavy 156- and 160-grain bullets to a muzzle velocity of just over 2,500 feet per second (fps) – it makes a good choice for an all-around hunting rifle. The Swede will shine with the 140-spitzers, pushing them to over 2,850 fps; this betters the Creedmoor’s velocity by over 100 fps, making the Swede a perfectly viable long-range cartridge. No, it won’t run in an AR platform, but makes a great choice for the bolt guns.

  1. 6.5×54 Mannlicher Schoenauer
6.5x54-Mannlicher-Schoenauer
Released in the early 1900s as a military cartridge, the 6.5×54 earned a great reputation among hunters in Africa. W.D.M. ‘Karamoja’ Bell used one as an elephant rifle – though he preferred the .275 Rigby – taking many of the great beasts with it. The famous Kenyan Game Ranger A. Blaney Percival – brother of Philip Percival who hunted with both Theodore Roosevelt and Ernest Hemingway – used this cartridge as his lion gun. He relied on the Sectional Density of the 160-grain solids for penetration, and preferred the light recoil of the rifle. The mild muzzle velocity – 2,400 fps with the 160-grain slugs – ensured that the soft point bullets performed well, without premature breakup. Though a rarity today, both the cartridge and the rifle are revered by collectors.

  1. 6.5x52mm Carcano
6.5x52mm-Carcano
This was the Italian service cartridge, most famous for being used by Lee Harvey Oswald in the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. The Carcano got a reputation for being rather inaccurate, though having shot it I’d lay the blame on the rifle rather than the cartridge. Pushing a 162-grain round nose bullet at a muzzle velocity of 2,200 fps, the formula is sound, but the rifle, well, sucks. I imagine it would’ve done well in a properly built rifle.

  1. .264 Winchester Magnum
.264-Winchester-Magnum
Winchester released a series of magnums in the late 1950’s based on a .375 H&H case, shortened to 2.500 inches; the .264 Winchester Magnum was necked down to hold 6.5mm bullets. Touted for its flat trajectory, the .264 Magnum picked up a reputation as a barrel burner – and driving a 140-grain at 3,200 fps one could easily understand why – and was quickly overshadowed by Remington’s 7mm Magnum. Nonetheless, the cartridge is an accurate, flat-shooting, hard-hitting design, that will give good service if not shot to the point of meltdown.

  1. 6.5 Remington Magnum
6.5-Remington-Magnum
Taking the shortened .375 case idea to a further extreme, Remington released the 6.5 Remington Magnum in 1966. Designed to run in a short-action rifle, the short, squat cartridge used the lighter 120 and 125-grain bullets. It was released in the Model 600 Carbine, using an 18.5-inch barrel, which didn’t exactly take full advantage of the powder capacity of the case. Perhaps the shooting world wasn’t ready for the short magnum theory; it never really caught on.

  1. .260 Remington
.260-Remington
Wildcatters love to take a new case and neck it up and down; and when the .308 Winchester was released in 1952, it immediately received the treatment. The end result was a series of cartridges from .243 up to .358, some being quickly adopted and others remaining wildcats for a good number of years. The .260 Remington is simply the .308 Winchester case necked down to hold 6.5mm bullets, and represents what may be the ultimate balance of bore diameter and powder capacity for the case. It is seriously accurate and can be chambered in the AR-10 platform, though seating the longest bullets can pose an issue due to the restraints of the magazine length. As a hunting round, the .260 Remington makes a whole lot of sense, as it’s easy on the shoulder, flat shooting, and its bullets will retain lots of energy downrange. While it’s been overshadowed by the Creedmoor as a long-range cartridge, I wouldn’t hesitate to head afield with a good .260 Remington.

  1. 6.5-284 Norma
6.5-284-Norma
This is another gem from the wildcatter’s drawing board, being the .284 Winchester cartridge necked down to hold 6.5mm bullets. It quickly became the darling of the long range shooting community, having a case capacity to launch the sleek 140-grain target bullets to over 2,900 fps in a long-barreled rifle. Using a wide body and a rebated rim, the 6.5-284 Norma isn’t quite as hard on a rifle’s throat as the .264 Magnum, but can still deliver the goods at 1,00 yards and beyond. This is my personal favorite of the 6.5mm lineup, as it makes an excellent hunting cartridge as well as a target round.

  1. 6.5 Creedmoor
6.5-Creedmoor
This one probably needs no introduction, as it seems to have taken the target world by storm. Based on a shortened .30 T/C cartridge, and designed to fit in the AR magazine, even when loaded with longer bullets, the Creedmoor has enough case capacity to reach out and touch someone, while offering minimal recoil. It works well in bolt guns as well as the gas guns, pushing the 140-grain pills to just about 2,700 fps (depending on barrel length). With us for just over a decade, the Creedmoor represents the current wave of cartridge design, relying on bullet conformation and retained energy rather than initial horsepower.

  1. 6.5 Grendel
6.5-Grendel
Alexander Arms introduced the Grendel in early 2004, as an accurate, low-recoiling cartridge for the AR-10, capable of delivering excellent accuracy out to 800 yards. The stubby cartridge will drive the 120-grain bullets to 2,700 fps, and the 130-grain bullets to just over 2,500 fps, but the beauty of the design is its lack of recoil. Capitalizing on the wind deflection characteristics and retained energy of the 6.5mm bullets, the Grendel runs surprisingly well from such a short cartridge. Yes, it’s a niche cartridge, but a cool one.

  1. 6.5-06 A-Square
6.5-06-A-Square
This one was a bit of a flash in the pan, as far as commercial rifle and ammo go. It has been around, in wildcat form, for quite some time, though A-Square standardized the dimensions in the late 1990s. It is a solid design, giving fully respectable ballistics in a common case that is easy enough to make with a good set of reloading dies. Being the .30-’06 Springfield case necked down to hold 6.5mm bullets, I’d have thought it would be more popular than it is – almost all of the ’06 offspring has done well), but alas, it, along with the A-Square company, seem to have faded into the sunset. I know some shooters who still shoot and hunt with it, but commercially, it’s virtually gone.

  1. .26 Nosler
.26-Nosler
Using the beltless .404 Jeffery case (a particular favorite of mine) as a platform for their series of proprietary cartridges, Nosler introduced the .26 Nosler in late 2013. A 2.590-inch case – capable of fitting in a long-action receiver – blown out, and using a rebated rim, the .26 Nosler is a speed-demon for sure. The 140-grain bullets leave the muzzle at 3,300 fps, making for a flat-shooting magnum class rifle that will buck the wind very well. It’s accurate, for sure, but like the .264 Winchester Magnum, you can expect that barrel life will be shorter than that of the milder 6.5s. However, if you want a fast, flat 6.5, the .26 Nosler will definitely fit the bill.

  1. 6.5-300 Weatherby Magnum
6.5-300-Weatherby-Magnum
The Weatherby cartridges have always been about speed, and the 6.5-300 is no disappointment. The .300 Weatherby is a time-proven design, and Weatherby necked it down to hold 6.5mm bullets, resulting in the fastest 6.5mm cartridge commercially available. The famous Weatherby double-radius shoulder is there, along with the belt that was carried over from the Holland & Holland design. It will send a 140-grain bullet screaming from the muzzle at almost 3,400 fps, resulting in a trajectory that is a dead-hold out to 350 yards. All that comes at the price of increased recoil and short barrel life, but if you want a hot-rod, this is your baby. While probably not practical as a target rifle – just because of barrel erosion and recoil – is will definitely reach out to sane hunting ranges with ease.

  1. 6.5 PRC
6.5-PRC
Introduced at the 2018 SHOT Show, Hornady’s 6.5 PRC is based on the .300 Ruger Compact Magnum case, necked to hold 6.5mm bullets and designed to run in a short-action rifle. Hornady loads their 143- and 147-grain ELD Match and ELD-X bullets, to a muzzle velocity of just over 2,900 fps, putting the 6.5 PRC on equal plane with the 6.5-284 Norma. The PRC will deliver a trajectory highly reminiscent of the .300 Winchester Magnum, at least at hunting ranges. Out further, the PRC and its high B.C. bullets will show an advantage in trajectory and win deflection. Think of the PRC as the big brother to the Creedmoor, perfect for the gun games like the Precision Rifle Series and for any hunting scenario where a 6.5mm is warranted.


So, if you want to enjoy the 6.5mm bore diameter and all it has to offer to hunters and target shooters, there is absolutely something for everyone, from the recoil sensitive to the speed freaks and everyone in between. The 6.5mm bullets have been satisfying shooters for 120 years, and will continue to do so for another 120!


Viewing all 1099 articles
Browse latest View live